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股骨轉子間骨折股骨近端防旋髓內釘內固定術后螺旋刀片向內穿透股骨頭一例

“杠桿松解”技術在股骨近端防旋髓內釘螺旋刀片取出困難時的應用

目的 總結應用“杠桿松解”技術解決股骨近端防旋髓內釘（proximal femoral nail antirotation，PFNA）螺旋刀片取出困難的效果。方法 2015年10月—2020年10月，9例股骨轉子間和/或轉子下骨折PFNA內固定后，二次手術取出內固定物時發生螺旋刀片取出困難。男8例，女1例；年齡48～68歲，平均58歲。PNFA內固定術至該次取出手術時間15～23個月，平均19個月。取出內固定物原因：螺旋刀片向內穿透股骨頭2例、螺旋刀片退出激惹軟組織1例、患者要求取出6例。術中采用“杠桿松解”技術，通過上、下敲擊連接主釘的主釘打出器，使主釘上、下滑動帶動螺旋刀片松解，順利完整取出內固定物。結果 手術時間55～128 min，平均92 min；術中出血量70～150 mL，平均108 mL；術中無醫源性骨折、血管及神經損傷發生。術后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。9例患者均獲隨訪，隨訪時間4～9個月，平均6個月。X線片復查顯示內固定物均完整取出。末次隨訪時，髖關節功能 Harris 評分為 95～100 分，均獲優。未出現再骨折、創傷性關節炎、術區疼痛等并發癥。結論 PFNA螺旋刀片取出困難時可選擇“杠桿松解”技術，是一種簡單、有效的取出方法。

股骨近端防旋髓內釘內固定術后尾帽退出并發癥臨床報道

目的總結股骨近端防旋髓內釘（proximal femoral nail antirotation，PFNA）內固定術后尾帽退出患者資料，為臨床醫生認識該并發癥提供參考。方法 回顧分析2018年1月—2020年5月6例股骨轉子間或轉子下骨折PFNA內固定術后發生尾帽退出患者臨床資料。男2例，女4例；年齡32～82歲，平均55歲。股骨轉子間骨折Evans-Jensen分型，ⅠB型1例，ⅡB型3例，股骨轉子下骨折Seinshemer分型，ⅡA型1例，Ⅴ型 1例；術中透視及術后首次X線片證實尾帽與主釘均鎖緊無間隙；尾帽與螺旋刀片靜態鎖定4例，動態鎖定2例。使用廣泛性焦慮量表（GAD-7）評分于內固定術后2周、初次發現尾帽退出后2周、末次隨訪時對患者焦慮程度進行評估。結果 6例患者均獲隨訪，隨訪時間10～24個月。骨折均愈合，愈合時間3～5個月。內固定術后2周GAD-7評分2～7分，平均4.8分，正常2例、輕度焦慮4例；初次發現尾帽退出后2周GAD-7評分4～12分，平均8.2分，正常1例、輕度焦慮3例、中度焦慮2例；末次隨訪時GAD-7評分0～4分，平均2.0分，均為正常。末次隨訪時尾帽退出高度為3.6～10.0 mm，平均6.77 mm；尾帽均部分留存于主釘內，無完全脫出者；行內固定物保留4例，內固定物取出治療2例。6例患者均未出現患髖部疼痛、髖關節功能障礙、內固定失效、骨折延遲愈合、再次骨折等并發癥；末次隨訪時髖關節功能Harris評分94～98分，均獲優。結論 尾帽退出是股骨轉子間或轉子下骨折PFNA內固定術后內固定物機械松動的罕見形式，當其發生時可加重患者焦慮程度，但不會造成嚴重危害，應根據具體情況選擇適當處理方法。

Effect of screw blade position on proximal femoral nail anti-rotation internal fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the screw blade position on the effectiveness of proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) internal fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly.MethodsA clinical data of 131 elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures who were treated with PFNA internal fixation between January 2010 and January 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. According to the anteroposterior X-ray films, the screw blades were placed in the middle of the femoral neck in 72 patients (group A) and at one-third of the femoral neck in 59 patients (group B). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05) in the gender, age, bone density, classification of fractures, other medical diseases, and the time between injury and operation. Multiple treatment indexes were analyzed, including complications, hip Harris score, the healing status of fracture, tip-apex distance (TAD), and the height of the tail nail.ResultsAll patients were followed up 11-14 months, with an average of 12.1 months. All incisions healed by first intention with no complications. All fractures healed and no significant difference in bone healing time between the two groups (Z=?0.190, P=0.849). At 6 months after operation, TAD was (2.23±0.07) cm in group A and (2.85±0.12) cm in group B, showing significant difference (t=?47.643, P=0.000); and the height of the tail nail was (1.72±0.14) cm in group A and (0.53±0.26) cm in group B, showing significant difference (t=31.031, P=0.000). According to the Harris score, the hip functions were rated as excellent in 48 cases, good in 15 cases, and poor in 9 cases in group A, while as excellent in 38 cases, good in 16 cases, and poor in 5 cases in group B, with no significant difference between the two groups (Z=?0.075, P=0.941).ConclusionFor the unstable intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly, the PFNA internal fixation with appropriated TAD and the screw blades placed in the middle or at one-third of the femoral neck can obtain good effectiveness.

The migration of helical blade and the tip apex distance value in cephalomedullary nail for geriatric intertrochanteric fractures

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between the tip apex distance (TAD) and migration of helical blade in the femoral head of geriatric intertrochanteric fractures.MethodsA retrospective study of intertrochanteric fractures treated with the proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) between June 2015 and June 2018 was performed. There were 32 males and 55 females with an average age of 84.7 years (range, 80-101 years). All of them were unilateral fresh closed intertrochanteric fractures caused by low energy injury. According to AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, 33 cases belonged to type 31-A1, 35 cases to type 31-A2, and 19 cases to type 31-A3. The time interval from injury to operation was 1-16 days (mean, 3.7 days). The TAD was measured according to immediate postoperative X-ray films. The cases were divided into two groups: group A with TAD less than 20 mm and group B with TAD greater than 20 mm. The difference of fracture healing and migration of helical blade between the two groups were observed.ResultsAccording to the TAD value immediately after operation, 49 patients in group A had TAD of 8.9-19.7 mm, with an average of 18.6 mm; 38 patients in group B had TAD of 20.1-41.4 mm, with an average of 27.7 mm. The 87 patients were followed up for an average of 11.7 months, ranging from 4 to 28 months. Three cases (all in group B) underwent screw blade cutting and displacement, which resulted in internal fixation failure, including 1 case with femoral head cut upward and 2 cases with femoral head penetrated inward. The remaining 84 cases had bone healing without internal fixation related complications such as fracture of internal fixator and fracture of femoral shaft. There was significant difference in the incidence of internal fixation failure between group A and group B (P=0.049). ConclusionReducing the TAD value of helical blade appropriately (15-20 mm) in PFNA internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture patients over 80 years old can increase initial stability without increasing the risk of helical blade migration.

Reasons of the guide pin eccentricity of helical blade during proximal femoral nail anti-rotation internal fixation for femoral intertrochanteric fractures

ObjectiveTo analyze the reasons and the influence of internal fixation about the guide pin eccentricity of helical blade during proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) internal fixation for femoral intertrochanteric fractures.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the intraoperative imaging data of 175 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures, who underwent closed reduction and PFNA internal fixation between January 2018 and January 2020, was performed. There were 76 males and 99 females with an average age of 79.8 years (mean, 61-103 years). The internal between admission and operation was 12-141 hours (median, 32 hours). According to AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, the fractures were rated as type 31-A1 in 64 cases and type 31-A2 in 111 cases. In the intraoperative fluoroscopy image by C-arm X-ray machine, the caputcollum-diaphysis (CCD) was measured after closed reduction and internal fixation, respectively; the angles between the center line of the head nail hole and the axis of proximal nail and between the axis of guide pin and proximal nail were measured, and the difference between the two angles was evaluated; the quality of fracture reduction was evaluated according to the alignment of the medial cortex, anterior cortex of the head and neck bone block, and femoral shaft cortex; the position of the helical blade in the femoral head was evaluated according to the Cleveland method.ResultsThe CCDs of proximal femur were (134.6±6.8)° after closed reduction and (134.9±4.3)° after internal fixation. There was no significant difference between pre- and post-internal fixation (t=0.432, P=0.766). The angles between the center line of the head nail hole and the axis of proximal nail and between the axis of guide pin and proximal nail were (125.4±2.44)° and (126.3±2.3)°, respectively, showing significant difference (t=2.809, P=0.044). The difference between the two angles was (0.8±2.2)°. The guide pin eccentricity of helical blade occurred in 47 cases. After tapping the helical blade along the eccentric guide pin, 10 cases had fracture reduction loss, and 5 cases had a poor position of the helical blade in the femoral head. ConclusionDuring PFNA internal fixation, a variety of reasons can lead to the eccentric position of the guide pin of helical blade, including unstable fracture, soft tissue inserted, severe osteoporosis, mismatched tool, and fluoroscopic imaging factors. It is possible that the fracture end would be displaced again and the helical blade position may be poor when knocking into the helical blade along the eccentric guide pin. During operation, it should be judged whether the direction of the guide pin needs to be adjusted according to the eccentric angle.