Under the current situation of the rapid development of brain-like artificial intelligence and the increasingly complex electromagnetic environment, the most bionic and anti-interference spiking neural network has shown great potential in computing speed, real-time information processing, and spatiotemporal data processing. Spiking neural network is the core part of brain-like artificial intelligence, which realizes brain-like computing by simulating the structure of biological neural network and the way of information transmission. This article first summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the five models, and analyzes the characteristics of several network topologies. Then, it summarizes the spiking neural network algorithms. The unsupervised learning based on spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) rules and four types of supervised learning algorithms are analyzed. Finally, the research on brain-like neuromorphic chips at home and abroad are reviewed. This paper aims to provide learning ideas and research directions for new colleagues in the field of spiking neural network.
This paper proposes a motor imagery recognition algorithm based on feature fusion and transfer adaptive boosting (TrAdaboost) to address the issue of low accuracy in motor imagery (MI) recognition across subjects, thereby increasing the reliability of MI-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for cross-individual use. Using the autoregressive model, power spectral density and discrete wavelet transform, time-frequency domain features of MI can be obtained, while the filter bank common spatial pattern is used to extract spatial domain features, and multi-scale dispersion entropy is employed to extract nonlinear features. The IV-2a dataset from the 4th International BCI Competition was used for the binary classification task, with the pattern recognition model constructed by combining the improved TrAdaboost integrated learning algorithm with support vector machine (SVM), k nearest neighbor (KNN), and mind evolutionary algorithm-based back propagation (MEA-BP) neural network. The results show that the SVM-based TrAdaboost integrated learning algorithm has the best performance when 30% of the target domain instance data is migrated, with an average classification accuracy of 86.17%, a Kappa value of 0.723 3, and an AUC value of 0.849 8. These results suggest that the algorithm can be used to recognize MI signals across individuals, providing a new way to improve the generalization capability of BCI recognition models.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a non-invasive neuroregulatory technique has been applied in the clinical treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, the stimulation effects and neural regulatory mechanisms of TMS with different frequencies and modes are not yet clear. This article explores the effects of different frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (bTMS) on memory function and neuronal excitability in mice from the perspective of neuroelectrophysiology. In this experiment, 42 Kunming mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into pseudo stimulation group and stimulation groups. The stimulation group included rTMS stimulation groups with different frequencies (1, 5, 10 Hz), and bTMS stimulation groups with different frequencies (1, 5, 10 Hz). Among them, the stimulation group received continuous stimulation for 14 days. After the stimulation, the mice underwent new object recognition and platform jumping experiment to test their memory ability. Subsequently, brain slice patch clamp experiment was conducted to analyze the excitability of granulosa cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mice. The results showed that compared with the pseudo stimulation group, high-frequency (5, 10 Hz) rTMS and bTMS could improve the memory ability and neuronal excitability of mice, while low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS and bTMS have no significant effect. For the two stimulation modes at the same frequency, their effects on memory function and neuronal excitability of mice have no significant difference. The results of this study suggest that high-frequency TMS can improve memory function in mice by increasing the excitability of hippocampal DG granule neurons. This article provides experimental and theoretical basis for the mechanism research and clinical application of TMS in improving cognitive function.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique can improve the impairment of learning and memory caused by diseases, and the regulation of learning and memory depends on synaptic plasticity. TMS can affect plasticity of brain synaptic. This paper reviews the effects of TMS on synaptic plasticity from two aspects of structural and functional plasticity, and further reveals the mechanism of TMS from synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, synaptic associated proteins, brain derived neurotrophic factor and related pathways. Finally, it is found that TMS could affect neuronal morphology, glutamate receptor and neurotransmitter, and regulate the expression of synaptic associated proteins through the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor, thus affecting the learning and memory function. This paper reviews the effects of TMS on learning, memory and plasticity of brain synaptic, which provides a reference for the study of the mechanism of TMS.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is characterized by high temporal resolution, and various EEG analysis methods have developed rapidly in recent years. The EEG microstate analysis method can be used to study the changes of the brain in the millisecond scale, and can also present the distribution of EEG signals in the topological level, thus reflecting the discontinuous and nonlinear characteristics of the whole brain. After more than 30 years of enrichment and improvement, EEG microstate analysis has penetrated into many research fields related to brain science. In this paper, the basic principles of EEG microstate analysis methods are summarized, and the changes of characteristic parameters of microstates, the relationship between microstates and brain functional networks as well as the main advances in the application of microstate feature extraction and classification in brain diseases and brain cognition are systematically described, hoping to provide some references for researchers in this field.
Electromagnetic stimulation is an important neuromodulation technique that modulates the electrical activity of neurons and affects cortical excitability for the purpose of modulating the nervous system. The phenomenon of inverse stochastic resonance is a response mechanism of the biological nervous system to external signals and plays an important role in the signal processing of the nervous system. In this paper, a small-world neural network with electrical synaptic connections was constructed, and the inverse stochastic resonance of the small-world neural network under electromagnetic stimulation was investigated by analyzing the dynamics of the neural network. The results showed that: the Levy channel noise under electromagnetic stimulation could cause the occurrence of inverse stochastic resonance in small-world neural networks; the characteristic index and location parameter of the noise had significant effects on the intensity and duration of the inverse stochastic resonance in neural networks; the larger the probability of randomly adding edges and the number of nearest neighbor nodes in small-world networks, the more favorable the anti-stochastic resonance was; by adjusting the electromagnetic stimulation parameters, a dual regulation of the inverse stochastic resonance of the neural network can be achieved. The results of this study provide some theoretical support for exploring the regulation mechanism of electromagnetic nerve stimulation technology and the signal processing mechanism of nervous system.
The possible influence of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the function of neural systems has been widely concerned. In this article, we intend to investigate the effects of long term power frequency EMF exposure on brain cognitive functions and it’s mechanism. The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the rats in EMF Ⅰ group were placed in the 2 mT power frequency EMF for 24 days. The rats in EMF Ⅱ group were placed in the 2 mT power frequency EMF for 48 days. The rats in control group were not exposed to the EMF. Then, the 16 channel local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from rats’ prefrontal cortex (PFC) in each group during the working memory (WM) tasks. The causal networks of LFPs were also established by applying the directed transfer function (DTF). Based on that, the differences of behavior and the LFPs network connection patterns between different groups were compared in order to investigate the influence of long term power frequency EMF exposure on working memory. The results showed the rats in the EMF Ⅱ group needed more training to reach the task correction criterion (over 80%). Moreover, the causal network connection strength and the global efficiency of the rats in EMF Ⅰ and EMF Ⅱ groups were significantly lower than the corresponding values of the control group. Meanwhile, significant differences of causal density values were found between EMF Ⅱ group and the other two groups. These results indicate that long term exposure to 2 mT power frequency EMF will reduce the connection strength and the information transfer efficiency of the LFPs causal network in the PFC, as well as the behavior performance of the rats. These results may explain the effect of EMF exposure on working memory from the view of neural network connectivity and provide a support for further studies on the mechanism of the effect of EMF on cognition.
With the wide application of virtual reality technology and the rapid popularization of virtual reality devices, the problem of brain fatigue caused by prolonged use has attracted wide attention. Sixteen healthy subjects were selected in this study. And electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were acquired synchronously while the subjects watch videos in similar types presented by traditional displayer and virtual reality separately. Two questionnaires were conducted by all subjects to evaluate the state of fatigue before and after the experiment. The mutual correlation method was selected to construct the mutual correlation brain network of EEG signals before and after watching videos in two modes. We also calculated the mutual correlation coefficient matrix and the mutual correlation binary matrix and compared the average of degree, clustering coefficient, path length, global efficiency and small world attribute during two experiments. The results showed that the subjects were easier to get fatigue by watching virtual reality video than watching video presented by traditional displayer in a certain period of time. By comparing the characteristic parameters of brain network before and after watching videos, it was found that the average degree value, the average clustering coefficient, the average global efficiency and the small world attribute decreases while the average path length value increased significantly. In addition, compared to traditional plane video, the characteristic parameters of brain network changed more greatly after watching the virtual reality video with a significant difference (P < 0.05). This study can provide theoretical basis and experimental reference for analyzing and evaluating brain fatigue induced by virtual reality visual experience.
The rapid development of artificial intelligence put forward higher requirements for the computational speed, resource consumption and the biological interpretation of computational neuroscience. Spiking neuron networks can carry a large amount of information, and realize the imitation of brain information processing. However, its hardware is an important way to realize its powerful computing ability, and it is also a challenging technical problem. The memristor currently is the electronic devices that functions closest to the neuron synapse, and able to respond to spike voltage in a highly similar spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) mechanism with a biological brain, and has become a research hotspot to construct spiking neuron networks hardware circuit in recent years. Through consulting the relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper has made a thorough understanding and introduction to the research work of the spiking neuron networks based on the memristor in recent years.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment, with the predominant clinical diagnosis of spatial working memory (SWM) deficiency, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. However, the current pharmacological therapies have unsatisfactory cure rates and other problems, so non-pharmacological physical therapies have gradually received widespread attention. Recently, a novel treatment using 40 Hz light flicker stimulation (40 Hz-LFS) to rescue the cognitive function of model animals with AD has made initial progress, but the neurophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this paper will explore the potential neural mechanisms underlying the modulation of SWM by 40 Hz-LFS based on cross-frequency coupling (CFC). Ten adult Wistar rats were first subjected to acute LFS at frequencies of 20, 40, and 60 Hz. The entrainment effect of LFS with different frequency on neural oscillations in the hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was analyzed. The results showed that acute 40 Hz-LFS was able to develop strong entrainment and significantly modulate the oscillation power of the low-frequency gamma (lγ) rhythms. The rats were then randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 5 rats each for a long-term 40 Hz-LFS (7 d). Their SWM function was assessed by a T-maze task, and the CFC changes in the HPC-mPFC circuit were analyzed by phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). The results showed that the behavioral performance of the experimental group was improved and the PAC of θ-lγ rhythm was enhanced, and the difference was statistically significant. The results of this paper suggested that the long-term 40 Hz-LFS effectively improved SWM function in rats, which may be attributed to its enhanced communication of different rhythmic oscillations in the relevant neural circuits. It is expected that the study in this paper will build a foundation for further research on the mechanism of 40 Hz-LFS to improve cognitive function and promote its clinical application in the future.