目的 探討神經外科危重患者經外周靜脈置入中心靜脈導管（PICC）的常見并發癥發生原因，同時總結并發癥有效預防措施及護理對策。 方法 納入2009年9月－2012年9月期間行PICC的190例神經外科重癥住院患者，統計并發癥發生率，對其原因進行分析，并開展針對性預防和護理。 結果 本組患者PICC置管后有75例發生不同類型并發癥，其中置管時并發癥17例，包括導管異位8例，送管困難6例，穿刺失敗3例，發生率為9%；導管留置期間并發癥58例，包括穿刺點滲血、滲液16例，意外拔管12例，靜脈炎10例，導管部分脫出9例，導管堵塞7例，導管相關性感染3例，導管相關性靜脈血栓1例，發生率為30.5%。根據其發生的不同原因，采取積極的治療和護理措施，并發癥得以治愈，降低了并發癥發生率。 結論 規范護理流程，加強臨床培訓，熟悉和掌握PICC并發癥的預防和護理措施，可提高PICC置管、使用的安全性。
Objective To give a prel iminary experimental evidence and to prove chitosan and allogeneic morsel ized bone as potential bone substitutions in repairing rabbit radius segmental defect. Methods Chitosan and allogeneic morsel ized bone were mixed with various ratios (1 ∶ 5, 1 ∶ 10, 1 ∶ 25, 1 ∶ 50, and 1 ∶ 100). After preparation, the physicaland chemical properties of the composites were prel iminary detected; the composites at the ratios of 1 ∶ 50 and 1 ∶ 25 had good physical and chemical properties and were used for the animal experiment. The radius segmental defects of 15 mm in length were made in 50 adult New Zealand white rabbits (weighing 2.5-3.0 kg), then the animals were divided into 2 groups. In groups A and B, chitosan/allogeneic morsel ized bone composites were implanted at the ratio of 1 ∶ 50 and 1 ∶ 25, respectively. After 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of operation, the gross, histological, immunohistochemical observations were performed. Before the rabbits were sacrified, X-ray films were taken; the serum calcium and alkal ine phosphatase (ALP) concentration were measured; and the biomechanical measurement was carried out at 12 weeks. Results The results of gross observation were essentially consistent with those of the X-ray films. The histological observation showed that the bone formation was earl ier in group A than in group B; the amount of new bone formation in group A was more than that in group B; and the bone forming area in group A was bigger than that in group B (P lt; 0.05) at 4 and 8 weeks after operation. The immunohistochemical staining showed that vascular endothel ial growth factor and insul in-l ike growth factor receptor II proteins expressed in the cytoplasm of 2 groups after 4 and 8 weeks, and the expression in group A was higher than that in group B (P lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum calcium concentration between 2 groups at each time point (P gt; 0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks, the ALP concentration in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P lt; 0.05). After 12 weeks, the radius maximum bending loads of groups A and B were (299.75 ± 27.69) N and (278.54 ± 17.09) N, respectively, showing significant difference (t=4.045,P=0.002). Conclusion The composite of chitosan and allogeneic morsel ized bone has good osteogeneic activity and can beused as a bone tissue engineering scaffold, and the optimum ratio of chitosan to allogeneic morsel ized bone was 1 ∶ 50.