老年輕度認知功能障礙的危險因素_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

 周莉 , 吳超然 , 劉俐 ,  姜春玲

四川大學華西醫院麻醉科（成都 610041）;

Corresponding?author：

姜春玲, Email: 3588962@qq.com

Keywords：

輕度認知功能障礙; 癡呆; 阿爾茲海默病; 危險因素

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201600101

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

輕度認知功能障礙（MCI）是介于正常老化與老年期癡呆的一種過渡狀態，其進展為癡呆的風險較高，而一旦進展為癡呆，其預后極差，將帶來一系列的家庭和社會問題。因此，對MCI的早期診斷和干預將減少癡呆的發病率，而提高老年人的生活質量，減輕社會負擔。現從MCI的概念、分類、流行病學及其危險因素等方面作一綜述，以期能夠早期識別相關危險因素，早期防治。

Citation： 周莉, 吳超然, 劉俐, 姜春玲. 老年輕度認知功能障礙的危險因素. West China Medical Journal, 2016, 31(2): 374-378. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201600101 Copy

1.	Werner P, Korczyn AD. Mild cognitive impairment:conceptual, assessment, ethical, and social issues[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2008, 3(3):413-420.
2.	Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment[J]. Arch Neurol, 2001, 58(12):1985-1992.
3.	Petersen RC, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, et al. Mild cognitive impairment:ten years later[J]. Arch Neurol, 2009, 66(12):1447-1455.
4.	Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, et al. Mild cognitive impairment——beyond controversies, towards a consensus:report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment[J]. J Intern Med, 2004, 256(3):240-246.
5.	Alexopoulos P, Grimmer T, Perneczky R, et al. Progression to dementia in clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2006, 22(1):27-34.
6.	Ganguli M, Snitz BE, Saxton JA, et al. Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition:a population study[J]. Arch Neurol, 2011, 68(6):761-767.
7.	Manly JJ, Tang MX, Schupf N, et al. Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community[J]. Ann Neurol, 2008, 63(4):494-506.
8.	Nordlund A, Rolstad S, Klang O, et al. Two-year outcome of MCI subtypes and aetiologies in the G?teborg MCI study[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2010, 81(5):541-546.
9.	Rasquin SM, Lodder J, Visser PJ, et al. Predictive accuracy of MCI subtypes for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment:a 2-year follow-up study[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2005, 19(2/3):113-119.
10.	Ritchie LJ, Tuokko H. Patterns of cognitive decline, conversion rates, and predictive validity for 3 models of MCI[J]. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2010, 25(7):592-603.
11.	Diniz BS, Nunes PV, Yassuda MS, et al. Diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment revisited after one year. Preliminary results of a prospective study[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2009, 27(3):224-231.
12.	Petersen RC, Caracciolo B, Brayne C, et al. Mild cognitive impairment:a concept in evolution[J]. J Intern Med, 2014, 275(3):214-228.
13.	徐明穎, 陳愛保, 楊家強, 等. 上海市某社區老年人群生活滿意度的初步研究[J]. 中國全科醫學, 2002, 5(8):637-638.
14.	于寶成, 王玉敏, 王成章, 等. 部隊干休所老年人輕度認知功能損害調查[J]. 中華老年醫學雜志, 2003, 22(1):40-42.
15.	翟金國, 趙麗, 于蘭. 正常老年人輕度認知功能損害及相關因素研究[J]. 中國神經精神疾病雜志, 2004, 30(3):237-238.
16.	Jia J, Zhou A, Wei C, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its etiological subtypes in elderly Chinese[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10(4):439-447.
17.	Yang ZJ, Liu J, Ge JP, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factor in the Chinese population:the 2007-2008 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study[J]. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(2):213-220.
18.	Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, et al. Mild cognitive impairment[J]. Lancet, 2006, 367(9518):1262-1270.
19.	Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, et al. Mild cognitive impairment:clinical characterization and outcome[J]. Arch Neurol, 1999, 56(3):303-308.
20.	梁小妞, 羅劍鋒, 郭起浩, 等. 輕度認知功能障礙篩查量表研究進展[J]. 中國臨床神經科學, 2014, 22(6):704-710.
21.	Seligman SC, Giovannetti T, Sestito J, et al. A new approach to the characterization of subtle errors in everyday action:implications for mild cognitive impairment[J]. Clin Neuropsychol, 2014, 28(1):97-115.
22.	Smith EE, Egorova S, Blacker D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities and brain volume in the prediction of mild cognitive impairment and dementia[J]. Arch Neurol, 2008, 65(1):94-100.
23.	Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Herholz K, et al. Multicenter standardized 18F-FDG PET diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias[J]. J Nucl Med, 2008, 49(3):390-398.
24.	Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Crawford J, et al. Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment vary by age and sex:the Sydney Memory and Ageing study[J]. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2012, 20(10):854-865.
25.	Unverzagt FW, Ogunniyi A, Taler V, et al. Incidence and risk factors for cognitive impairment no dementia and mild cognitive impairment in African Americans[J]. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2011, 25(1):4-10.
26.	劉楠, 劉薇, 李冰, 等. 老年輕度認知功能障礙患者的相關因素分析[J]. 中國實用神經疾病雜志, 2014, 17(8):38-39.
27.	Tervo S, Kivipelto M, H?nninen T, et al. Incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment:a population-based three-year follow-up study of cognitively healthy elderly subjects[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2004, 17(3):196-203.
28.	Roberts RO, Geda YE, Knopman DS, et al. The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men:the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging[J]. Neurology, 2012, 78(5):342-351.
29.	Brenowitz WD, Kukull WA, Beresford SA, et al. Social relationships and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment in U.S. Alzheimer's disease centers[J]. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2014, 28(3):253-260.
30.	冀瑞俊, 賈建平. 糖尿病患者總體認知功能和認知功能域的研究[J]. 中國臨床康復, 2004, 8(21):4133-4135.
31.	Winkler A, Dlugaj M, Weimar C, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and mild cognitive impairment in middle-aged men and women[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42(4):1269-1277.
32.	周良佳, 馬菲. 老年輕度認知功能障礙影響因素的研究進展[J]. 現代預防醫學, 2013, 40(2):306-311.
33.	Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'agostino RB, et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning:the Framingham Study[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 1993, 138(6):353-364.
34.	Knopman D, Boland LL, Mosley T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults[J]. Neurology, 2001, 56(1):42-48.
35.	Decarli C, Miller BL, Swan GE, et al. Cerebrovascular and brain morphologic correlates of mild cognitive impairment in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study[J]. Arch Neurol, 2001, 58(4):643-647.
36.	Carmelli D, Swan GE, Reed T, et al. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors, ApoE, and cognitive decline in elderly male twins[J]. Neurology, 1998, 50(6):1580-1585.
37.	Petrovitch H, White LR, Izmirilian G, et al. Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain weight at death:the HAAS. Honolulu-Asia aging Study[J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2000, 21(1):57-62.
38.	Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment:a population-based study[J]. Neurology, 2001, 56(12):1683-1689.
39.	Kim J, Park MH, Kim E, et al. Plasma homocysteine is associated with the risk of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Korean population[J]. J Nutr, 2007, 137(9):2093-2097.
40.	Singh B, Mielke MM, Parsaik AK, et al. A prospective study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk for mild cognitive impairment[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(5):581-588.
41.	Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and association with mild cognitive impairment:the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging[J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013, 88(11):1222-1230.
42.	Villeneuve S, Pepin V, Rahayel S, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in moderate to severe COPD:a preliminary study[J]. Chest, 2012, 142(6):1516-1523.
43.	Rusanen M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia:a population based CAIDE study[J]. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2013, 10(5):549-555.
44.	Gagnon K, Baril AA, Gagnon JF, et al. Cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Pathol Biol (Paris), 2014, 62 (5):233-240.
45.	彭萬達, 陳銳, 蔣震, 等. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征患者海馬及腦白質病變與認知功能的相關性[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2014, 94(10):724-728.
46.	Tan ZS, Beiser A, Vasan RS, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of Alzheimer disease:the Framingham Study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2008, 168(14):1514-1520.
47.	Resta F, Triggiani V, Barile G, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly[J]. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2012, 12(3):260-267.
48.	van Boxtel MP, Menheere PP, Bekers O, et al. Thyroid function, depressed mood, and cognitive performance in older individuals:the Maastricht Aging Study[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2004, 29(7):891-898.
49.	Wu T, Flowers JW, Tudiver F, et al. Subclinical thyroid disorders and cognitive performance among adolescents in the United States[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2006, 6:12.
50.	de Jongh RT, Lips P, van Schoor NM, et al. Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2011, 165(4):545-554.
51.	Roberts LM, Pattison H, Roalfe A, et al. Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction?[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 145(8):573-581.
52.	Parsaik AK, Singh B, Roberts RO, et al. Hypothyroidism and risk of mild cognitive impairment in elderly persons:a population-based study[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(2):201-207.
53.	Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Diet and risk of dementia:Does fat matter?:The Rotterdam Study[J]. Neurology, 2002, 59(12):1915-1921.
54.	Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease[J]. JAMA, 2002, 287(24):3223-3229.
55.	Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, et al. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia:a systematic review[J]. Epidemiology, 2013, 24(4):479-489.
56.	Dry MJ, Burns NR, Nettelbeck T, et al. Dose-related effects of alcohol on cognitive functioning[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(11):e50977.
57.	Hindmarch I, Kerr JS, Sherwood N. The effects of alcohol and other drugs on psychomotor performance and cognitive function[J]. Alcohol Alcohol, 1991, 26(1):71-79.
58.	Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment in older men:a mendelian randomization study[J]. Neurology, 2014, 82(12):1038-1044.
59.	Rist PM, Capistrant BD, Wu Q, et al. Dementia and dependence:do modifiable risk factors delay disability?[J]. Neurology, 2014, 82(17):1543-1550.
60.	Stampfer MJ, Kang JH, Chen J, et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women[J]. N Engl J Med, 2005, 352(3):245-253.
61.	Solfrizzi V, D'introno A, Colacicco AM, et al. Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia[J]. Neurology, 2007, 68(21):1790-1799.
62.	Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline:meta-analysis of prospective studies[J]. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2009, 17(7):542-555.
63.	Anttila T, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, et al. Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age:a prospective population based study[J]. BMJ, 2004, 329(7465):539.
64.	Geda YE, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, et al. Physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment:a population-based study[J]. Arch Neurol, 2010, 67(1):80-86.
65.	Etgen T, Sander D, Huntgeburth U, et al. Physical activity and incident cognitive impairment in elderly persons:the INVADE study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2010, 170(2):186-193.
66.	Lyketsos CG, Lopez O, Jones B, et al. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment:results from the cardiovascular health study[J]. JAMA, 2002, 288(12):1475-1483.
67.	Polyakova M, Sonnabend N, Sander C, et al. Prevalence of minor depression in elderly persons with and without mild cognitive impairment:a systematic review[J]. J Affect Disord, 2014, 152-154:28-38.
68.	Barnes DE, Alexopoulos GS, Lopez OL, et al. Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment:findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study[J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006, 63(3):273-279.
69.	Goveas JS, Espeland MA, Hogan PE, et al. Depressive symptoms and longitudinal changes in cognition:women's health initiative study of cognitive aging[J]. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 2014, 27(2):94-102.
70.	Forlenza OV, Diniz BS, Stella F, et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Part 1:clinical characteristics and predictors of dementia[J]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 2013, 35(2):178-185.
71.	Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, et al. The APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with incident mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older persons[J]. Neuroepidemiology, 2010, 34(1):43-49.

1. Werner P, Korczyn AD. Mild cognitive impairment:conceptual, assessment, ethical, and social issues[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2008, 3(3):413-420.
2. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment[J]. Arch Neurol, 2001, 58(12):1985-1992.
3. Petersen RC, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, et al. Mild cognitive impairment:ten years later[J]. Arch Neurol, 2009, 66(12):1447-1455.
4. Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, et al. Mild cognitive impairment——beyond controversies, towards a consensus:report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment[J]. J Intern Med, 2004, 256(3):240-246.
5. Alexopoulos P, Grimmer T, Perneczky R, et al. Progression to dementia in clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2006, 22(1):27-34.
6. Ganguli M, Snitz BE, Saxton JA, et al. Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition:a population study[J]. Arch Neurol, 2011, 68(6):761-767.
7. Manly JJ, Tang MX, Schupf N, et al. Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community[J]. Ann Neurol, 2008, 63(4):494-506.
8. Nordlund A, Rolstad S, Klang O, et al. Two-year outcome of MCI subtypes and aetiologies in the G?teborg MCI study[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2010, 81(5):541-546.
9. Rasquin SM, Lodder J, Visser PJ, et al. Predictive accuracy of MCI subtypes for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment:a 2-year follow-up study[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2005, 19(2/3):113-119.
10. Ritchie LJ, Tuokko H. Patterns of cognitive decline, conversion rates, and predictive validity for 3 models of MCI[J]. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2010, 25(7):592-603.
11. Diniz BS, Nunes PV, Yassuda MS, et al. Diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment revisited after one year. Preliminary results of a prospective study[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2009, 27(3):224-231.
12. Petersen RC, Caracciolo B, Brayne C, et al. Mild cognitive impairment:a concept in evolution[J]. J Intern Med, 2014, 275(3):214-228.
13. 徐明穎, 陳愛保, 楊家強, 等. 上海市某社區老年人群生活滿意度的初步研究[J]. 中國全科醫學, 2002, 5(8):637-638.
14. 于寶成, 王玉敏, 王成章, 等. 部隊干休所老年人輕度認知功能損害調查[J]. 中華老年醫學雜志, 2003, 22(1):40-42.
15. 翟金國, 趙麗, 于蘭. 正常老年人輕度認知功能損害及相關因素研究[J]. 中國神經精神疾病雜志, 2004, 30(3):237-238.
16. Jia J, Zhou A, Wei C, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its etiological subtypes in elderly Chinese[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10(4):439-447.
17. Yang ZJ, Liu J, Ge JP, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factor in the Chinese population:the 2007-2008 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study[J]. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(2):213-220.
18. Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, et al. Mild cognitive impairment[J]. Lancet, 2006, 367(9518):1262-1270.
19. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, et al. Mild cognitive impairment:clinical characterization and outcome[J]. Arch Neurol, 1999, 56(3):303-308.
20. 梁小妞, 羅劍鋒, 郭起浩, 等. 輕度認知功能障礙篩查量表研究進展[J]. 中國臨床神經科學, 2014, 22(6):704-710.
21. Seligman SC, Giovannetti T, Sestito J, et al. A new approach to the characterization of subtle errors in everyday action:implications for mild cognitive impairment[J]. Clin Neuropsychol, 2014, 28(1):97-115.
22. Smith EE, Egorova S, Blacker D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities and brain volume in the prediction of mild cognitive impairment and dementia[J]. Arch Neurol, 2008, 65(1):94-100.
23. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Herholz K, et al. Multicenter standardized 18F-FDG PET diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias[J]. J Nucl Med, 2008, 49(3):390-398.
24. Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Crawford J, et al. Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment vary by age and sex:the Sydney Memory and Ageing study[J]. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2012, 20(10):854-865.
25. Unverzagt FW, Ogunniyi A, Taler V, et al. Incidence and risk factors for cognitive impairment no dementia and mild cognitive impairment in African Americans[J]. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2011, 25(1):4-10.
26. 劉楠, 劉薇, 李冰, 等. 老年輕度認知功能障礙患者的相關因素分析[J]. 中國實用神經疾病雜志, 2014, 17(8):38-39.
27. Tervo S, Kivipelto M, H?nninen T, et al. Incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment:a population-based three-year follow-up study of cognitively healthy elderly subjects[J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2004, 17(3):196-203.
28. Roberts RO, Geda YE, Knopman DS, et al. The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men:the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging[J]. Neurology, 2012, 78(5):342-351.
29. Brenowitz WD, Kukull WA, Beresford SA, et al. Social relationships and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment in U.S. Alzheimer's disease centers[J]. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2014, 28(3):253-260.
30. 冀瑞俊, 賈建平. 糖尿病患者總體認知功能和認知功能域的研究[J]. 中國臨床康復, 2004, 8(21):4133-4135.
31. Winkler A, Dlugaj M, Weimar C, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and mild cognitive impairment in middle-aged men and women[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42(4):1269-1277.
32. 周良佳, 馬菲. 老年輕度認知功能障礙影響因素的研究進展[J]. 現代預防醫學, 2013, 40(2):306-311.
33. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'agostino RB, et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning:the Framingham Study[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 1993, 138(6):353-364.
34. Knopman D, Boland LL, Mosley T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults[J]. Neurology, 2001, 56(1):42-48.
35. Decarli C, Miller BL, Swan GE, et al. Cerebrovascular and brain morphologic correlates of mild cognitive impairment in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study[J]. Arch Neurol, 2001, 58(4):643-647.
36. Carmelli D, Swan GE, Reed T, et al. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors, ApoE, and cognitive decline in elderly male twins[J]. Neurology, 1998, 50(6):1580-1585.
37. Petrovitch H, White LR, Izmirilian G, et al. Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain weight at death:the HAAS. Honolulu-Asia aging Study[J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2000, 21(1):57-62.
38. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment:a population-based study[J]. Neurology, 2001, 56(12):1683-1689.
39. Kim J, Park MH, Kim E, et al. Plasma homocysteine is associated with the risk of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Korean population[J]. J Nutr, 2007, 137(9):2093-2097.
40. Singh B, Mielke MM, Parsaik AK, et al. A prospective study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk for mild cognitive impairment[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(5):581-588.
41. Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and association with mild cognitive impairment:the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging[J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013, 88(11):1222-1230.
42. Villeneuve S, Pepin V, Rahayel S, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in moderate to severe COPD:a preliminary study[J]. Chest, 2012, 142(6):1516-1523.
43. Rusanen M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia:a population based CAIDE study[J]. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2013, 10(5):549-555.
44. Gagnon K, Baril AA, Gagnon JF, et al. Cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Pathol Biol (Paris), 2014, 62 (5):233-240.
45. 彭萬達, 陳銳, 蔣震, 等. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征患者海馬及腦白質病變與認知功能的相關性[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2014, 94(10):724-728.
46. Tan ZS, Beiser A, Vasan RS, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of Alzheimer disease:the Framingham Study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2008, 168(14):1514-1520.
47. Resta F, Triggiani V, Barile G, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly[J]. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2012, 12(3):260-267.
48. van Boxtel MP, Menheere PP, Bekers O, et al. Thyroid function, depressed mood, and cognitive performance in older individuals:the Maastricht Aging Study[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2004, 29(7):891-898.
49. Wu T, Flowers JW, Tudiver F, et al. Subclinical thyroid disorders and cognitive performance among adolescents in the United States[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2006, 6:12.
50. de Jongh RT, Lips P, van Schoor NM, et al. Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2011, 165(4):545-554.
51. Roberts LM, Pattison H, Roalfe A, et al. Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction?[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 145(8):573-581.
52. Parsaik AK, Singh B, Roberts RO, et al. Hypothyroidism and risk of mild cognitive impairment in elderly persons:a population-based study[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(2):201-207.
53. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Diet and risk of dementia:Does fat matter?:The Rotterdam Study[J]. Neurology, 2002, 59(12):1915-1921.
54. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease[J]. JAMA, 2002, 287(24):3223-3229.
55. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, et al. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia:a systematic review[J]. Epidemiology, 2013, 24(4):479-489.
56. Dry MJ, Burns NR, Nettelbeck T, et al. Dose-related effects of alcohol on cognitive functioning[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(11):e50977.
57. Hindmarch I, Kerr JS, Sherwood N. The effects of alcohol and other drugs on psychomotor performance and cognitive function[J]. Alcohol Alcohol, 1991, 26(1):71-79.
58. Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment in older men:a mendelian randomization study[J]. Neurology, 2014, 82(12):1038-1044.
59. Rist PM, Capistrant BD, Wu Q, et al. Dementia and dependence:do modifiable risk factors delay disability?[J]. Neurology, 2014, 82(17):1543-1550.
60. Stampfer MJ, Kang JH, Chen J, et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women[J]. N Engl J Med, 2005, 352(3):245-253.
61. Solfrizzi V, D'introno A, Colacicco AM, et al. Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia[J]. Neurology, 2007, 68(21):1790-1799.
62. Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline:meta-analysis of prospective studies[J]. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2009, 17(7):542-555.
63. Anttila T, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, et al. Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age:a prospective population based study[J]. BMJ, 2004, 329(7465):539.
64. Geda YE, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, et al. Physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment:a population-based study[J]. Arch Neurol, 2010, 67(1):80-86.
65. Etgen T, Sander D, Huntgeburth U, et al. Physical activity and incident cognitive impairment in elderly persons:the INVADE study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2010, 170(2):186-193.
66. Lyketsos CG, Lopez O, Jones B, et al. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment:results from the cardiovascular health study[J]. JAMA, 2002, 288(12):1475-1483.
67. Polyakova M, Sonnabend N, Sander C, et al. Prevalence of minor depression in elderly persons with and without mild cognitive impairment:a systematic review[J]. J Affect Disord, 2014, 152-154:28-38.
68. Barnes DE, Alexopoulos GS, Lopez OL, et al. Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment:findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study[J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006, 63(3):273-279.
69. Goveas JS, Espeland MA, Hogan PE, et al. Depressive symptoms and longitudinal changes in cognition:women's health initiative study of cognitive aging[J]. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 2014, 27(2):94-102.
70. Forlenza OV, Diniz BS, Stella F, et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Part 1:clinical characteristics and predictors of dementia[J]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 2013, 35(2):178-185.
71. Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, et al. The APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with incident mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older persons[J]. Neuroepidemiology, 2010, 34(1):43-49.

Previous Article
論醫學生人文素質培養的終身教育模式
Next Article
Notch信號通路對支氣管發育影響的研究進展

West China Medical Journal

老年輕度認知功能障礙的危險因素

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content