張新軍,
Email: alexzhang34@163.com
鹽負荷狀態是影響個體血壓水平的重要環境因素，長期高鹽飲食增加人群高血壓的患病率。高鹽負荷對靶器官功能的損害可獨立于血壓而存在，并且在鹽敏感人群中損害更明顯。老年高血壓人群中鹽敏感者所占比例較大，適度限鹽在一定程度上會降低心腦血管疾病的死亡率，是老年高血壓非藥物治療的重要環節。
Citation： 梁瑞, 張新軍. 鹽負荷對老年高血壓患者靶器官功能的影響. West China Medical Journal, 2015, 30(8): 1562-1566. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.20150449 Copy
Copyright ? the editorial department of West China Medical Journal of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, et al. The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees[J]. Nat Med, 1995, 1(10):1009-1016. |
| 2. | Intersalt Cooperative Research Goup. INTERSALT:an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure[J]. BMJ, 1988, 297(6644):319-328. |
| 3. | Polónia J, Maldonado J, Ramos R, et al. Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness[J]. Rev Port Cardiol,2006, 25(9):801-817. |
| 4. | 王隴德. 全國居民營養與健康狀況調查2002綜合報告[M]. 北京:人民衛生出版社, 2002:53-57. |
| 5. | WHO. WHO document production services:geneva, switzerland; Guideline:sodium intake for adults and children[M/OL]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77985/1/9789241504836_eng.pdf. |
| 6. | Dyer A, Elliott P, Chee D, et al. Urinary biochemical markers of dietary intake in the INTERSALT study[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997, 65(4 Suppl):1246S-1253S. |
| 7. | Stamler J, Elliott P, Dennis B, et al. INTERMAP:background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)[J]. J Hum Hypertens, 2003, 17(9):591-608. |
| 8. | Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS, Fineberg SE, et al. Salt sensitivity, pulse pressure, and death in normal and hypertensive humans[J]. Hypertension, 2001, 37(2 Pt 2):429-432. |
| 9. | 李曉玫, 王海燕, 張鳴和. 老年腎臟及鈉代謝改變[J]. 臨床內科雜志, 1990, 7(6):13-14. |
| 10. | Harris PJ, Hiranyachattada S, Antoine AM, et al. Regulation of renal tubular Sodium transport by angiotension Ⅱ and atrial natriuretic factor[J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 1996, 23(Supple 3):112-118. |
| 11. | Campese VM, Karubian F, Chervu I, et al. Pressor reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin in salt-sensitive hypertensive patients[J]. Hypertension, 1993, 21(3):301-307. |
| 12. | Safar ME, Thuilliez C, Richard V, et al. Pressure-independent contribution of sodium to large artery structure and function in hypertension[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2000, 46(2):269-276. |
| 13. | Yu HC, Burrell LM, Black MJ, et al. Salt induces myocardial and renal fibrosis in normotensive and hypertensive rats[J]. Circulation, 1998, 98(23):2621-2628. |
| 14. | Ying WZ, Sanders PW. Dietary salt increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and TGF-beta 1 in rat aortic endothelium[J]. Am J Physiol, 1999, 277(4 Pt 2):H1293-H1298. |
| 15. | 陳瑗, 周玫. 氧化應激-炎癥在動脈粥樣硬化發生發展中作用研究的新進展[J]. 中國動脈硬化雜志, 2008, 16(10):757-762. |
| 16. | Avolio A. Salt sensitivity and arterial structure and function[J]. J Hypertens, 2003, 21(2):251-253. |
| 17. | Draaijer P, Kool MJ, Maessen JM, et al. Vascular distensibility and compliance in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant borderline hypertension[J]. J Hypertens, 1993, 11(11):1199-1207. |
| 18. | Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li WQ, et al. Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension:comparison between urban and rural communities in china[J]. Circulation, 1985, 71(2):202-210. |
| 19. | 張海鋒, 李新立, 周艷麗, 等. 尿鈉排泄量與動脈彈性指數的關系[J]. 中華高血壓雜志, 2010, 18(4):353-356. |
| 20. | Benetos A, Xiao YY, Cuche JL, et al. Arterial effects of salt restriction in hypertensive patients. A 9-week, randomized, double-blind, crossover study[J]. J Hypertens, 1992, 10(4):355-360. |
| 21. | Du Cailar G, Mimran A. Non-pressure-related effects of dietary sodium[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2007, 9(2):154-159. |
| 22. | Schiffrin EL. Vascular endothelin in hypertension[J]. Vascul Pharmacol, 2005, 43(1):19-29. |
| 23. | Higashi Y, Oshima T, Watanabe M, et al. Renal response to L-arginine in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 1996, 27(3 Pt 2):643-648. |
| 24. | Chen PY, Sanders PW. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl/Rapp rats[J]. Hypertension, 1993, 22(6):812-818. |
| 25. | 周繼紅, 朱佩芳, 王正國, 等. 高滲鹽液對離體灌流左心室舒縮功能的影響[J]. 創傷外科雜志, 2000, 2(1):38-41. |
| 26. | Desimone G, Devereux RB, Camargo MJ, et al. Reduction of development of left ventricular hypertrophy in salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive rats by angiotensin Ⅱ receptor inhibition[J]. Am J Hypertens, 1996, 9(3):216-222. |
| 27. | Du Cailar G, Ribstein J, Daures JP, et al. Sodium and left ventricular mass in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects[J]. Am J Physiol, 1992, 263(1 Pt 2):H177-H181. |
| 28. | Feron O, Salomone S, Godfraind T. Influence of salt loading on the cardiac and renal preproendothelin-1 mRNA expression in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1995, 209(1):161-166. |
| 29. | Schmieder RE, Langenfeld MR, Friedrich A, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ related to Sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension[J]. Circulation, 1996, 94(6):1304-1309. |
| 30. | Ott C, Titze SI, Schwarz TK, et al. High sodium intake modulates left ventricular mass in patients with G expression of +1675 G/A angiotensin Ⅱ receptor type 2 gene[J]. J Hypertens, 2007, 25(8):1627-1632. |
| 31. | 李長育, 于曉明, 張振剛, 等. 鹽負荷對高血壓病患者血壓及腎臟鈉、鉀排泄功能的影響[J]. 中華心血管病雜志, 1994, 22(2): 87-89, 154. |
| 32. | Tripathi S, Tripathi K. Role of kidney in hypertension[J]. J Indian Med Assoc, 2003, 101(4):260-262. |
| 33. | Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, et al. Microalbuminuria in salt-sensitive patients. A marker for renal and cardiovascular risk factors[J]. Hypertension, 1994, 23(2):195-199. |
| 34. | Beard TC, Cooke HM, Gray WR, et al. Randomised controlled trial of a no-added-sodium diet for mild hypertension[J]. Lancet, 1982, 2(8296):455-458. |
| 35. | Altun B, Arici M. Salt and blood pressure:time to challenge[J]. Cardiology, 2006, 105(1):9-16. |
| 36. | Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality:a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies[J]. Lancet, 2002, 360(9349):1903-1913. |
| 37. | 劉治全, 侯嶸, 劉杰, 等. 鹽敏感者在人群中的分布及血壓正常鹽敏感者的特點[J]. 高血壓雜志, 1998, 6(1):32-35. |
| 38. | Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G, et al. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults[J]. BMJ, 2002, 325(7365):628. |
| 39. | 牟建軍, 劉治全. 限鹽對血壓及心血管健康的作用受到挑戰了嗎?[J]. 中華高血壓雜志, 2011, 19(11):1001-1004. |
| 40. | Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, et al. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland:a prospective study[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9259):848-851. |
| 41. | Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes:observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP)[J]. BMJ, 2007, 334(7599):885-888. |
| 42. | Safar M, Laurent S, Safavian A, et al. Sodium and large arteries in hypertension:effects of indapamide[J]. Am J Med, 1988, 84(1B):15-19. |
| 43. | ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)[J]. JAMA, 2002, 288(23):2981-2987. |
| 44. | Jamerson KA, Bakris GL, Wun CC, et al. Rationale and design of the avoiding cardiovascular events through combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension (ACCOMPLISH) trial-The first randomized controlled trial to compare the clinical outcome effects of first-line combination therapies in hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2004, 17(9):793-801. |
| 45. | Patel A, ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Macmahon S, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial):a randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2007, 370(9590):829-840. |
| 46. | Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE, Amery A, et al. The hypertension in the very elderly trial (HYVET)[J]. Drugs Aging, 1994, 5(3):171-183. |
| 47. | Cherchi A, Sau F, Seguro C. Possible regression of left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment with diuretics and/or beta blockers[J]. J Clin Hypertens, 1987, 3(2):216-225. |
| 48. | SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension[J]. JAMA, 1991, 265(24):3255-3264. |
| 49. | Weinberger MH, Miller JZ, Luft FC, et al. Definitions and characteristics of Sodium sensitivity and blood pressure resistance[J]. Hypertension, 1986, 8(6 Pt 2):II127-II134. |
- 1. Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, et al. The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees[J]. Nat Med, 1995, 1(10):1009-1016.
- 2. Intersalt Cooperative Research Goup. INTERSALT:an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure[J]. BMJ, 1988, 297(6644):319-328.
- 3. Polónia J, Maldonado J, Ramos R, et al. Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness[J]. Rev Port Cardiol,2006, 25(9):801-817.
- 4. 王隴德. 全國居民營養與健康狀況調查2002綜合報告[M]. 北京:人民衛生出版社, 2002:53-57.
- 5. WHO. WHO document production services:geneva, switzerland; Guideline:sodium intake for adults and children[M/OL]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77985/1/9789241504836_eng.pdf.
- 6. Dyer A, Elliott P, Chee D, et al. Urinary biochemical markers of dietary intake in the INTERSALT study[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997, 65(4 Suppl):1246S-1253S.
- 7. Stamler J, Elliott P, Dennis B, et al. INTERMAP:background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)[J]. J Hum Hypertens, 2003, 17(9):591-608.
- 8. Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS, Fineberg SE, et al. Salt sensitivity, pulse pressure, and death in normal and hypertensive humans[J]. Hypertension, 2001, 37(2 Pt 2):429-432.
- 9. 李曉玫, 王海燕, 張鳴和. 老年腎臟及鈉代謝改變[J]. 臨床內科雜志, 1990, 7(6):13-14.
- 10. Harris PJ, Hiranyachattada S, Antoine AM, et al. Regulation of renal tubular Sodium transport by angiotension Ⅱ and atrial natriuretic factor[J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 1996, 23(Supple 3):112-118.
- 11. Campese VM, Karubian F, Chervu I, et al. Pressor reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin in salt-sensitive hypertensive patients[J]. Hypertension, 1993, 21(3):301-307.
- 12. Safar ME, Thuilliez C, Richard V, et al. Pressure-independent contribution of sodium to large artery structure and function in hypertension[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2000, 46(2):269-276.
- 13. Yu HC, Burrell LM, Black MJ, et al. Salt induces myocardial and renal fibrosis in normotensive and hypertensive rats[J]. Circulation, 1998, 98(23):2621-2628.
- 14. Ying WZ, Sanders PW. Dietary salt increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and TGF-beta 1 in rat aortic endothelium[J]. Am J Physiol, 1999, 277(4 Pt 2):H1293-H1298.
- 15. 陳瑗, 周玫. 氧化應激-炎癥在動脈粥樣硬化發生發展中作用研究的新進展[J]. 中國動脈硬化雜志, 2008, 16(10):757-762.
- 16. Avolio A. Salt sensitivity and arterial structure and function[J]. J Hypertens, 2003, 21(2):251-253.
- 17. Draaijer P, Kool MJ, Maessen JM, et al. Vascular distensibility and compliance in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant borderline hypertension[J]. J Hypertens, 1993, 11(11):1199-1207.
- 18. Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li WQ, et al. Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension:comparison between urban and rural communities in china[J]. Circulation, 1985, 71(2):202-210.
- 19. 張海鋒, 李新立, 周艷麗, 等. 尿鈉排泄量與動脈彈性指數的關系[J]. 中華高血壓雜志, 2010, 18(4):353-356.
- 20. Benetos A, Xiao YY, Cuche JL, et al. Arterial effects of salt restriction in hypertensive patients. A 9-week, randomized, double-blind, crossover study[J]. J Hypertens, 1992, 10(4):355-360.
- 21. Du Cailar G, Mimran A. Non-pressure-related effects of dietary sodium[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2007, 9(2):154-159.
- 22. Schiffrin EL. Vascular endothelin in hypertension[J]. Vascul Pharmacol, 2005, 43(1):19-29.
- 23. Higashi Y, Oshima T, Watanabe M, et al. Renal response to L-arginine in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 1996, 27(3 Pt 2):643-648.
- 24. Chen PY, Sanders PW. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl/Rapp rats[J]. Hypertension, 1993, 22(6):812-818.
- 25. 周繼紅, 朱佩芳, 王正國, 等. 高滲鹽液對離體灌流左心室舒縮功能的影響[J]. 創傷外科雜志, 2000, 2(1):38-41.
- 26. Desimone G, Devereux RB, Camargo MJ, et al. Reduction of development of left ventricular hypertrophy in salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive rats by angiotensin Ⅱ receptor inhibition[J]. Am J Hypertens, 1996, 9(3):216-222.
- 27. Du Cailar G, Ribstein J, Daures JP, et al. Sodium and left ventricular mass in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects[J]. Am J Physiol, 1992, 263(1 Pt 2):H177-H181.
- 28. Feron O, Salomone S, Godfraind T. Influence of salt loading on the cardiac and renal preproendothelin-1 mRNA expression in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1995, 209(1):161-166.
- 29. Schmieder RE, Langenfeld MR, Friedrich A, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ related to Sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension[J]. Circulation, 1996, 94(6):1304-1309.
- 30. Ott C, Titze SI, Schwarz TK, et al. High sodium intake modulates left ventricular mass in patients with G expression of +1675 G/A angiotensin Ⅱ receptor type 2 gene[J]. J Hypertens, 2007, 25(8):1627-1632.
- 31. 李長育, 于曉明, 張振剛, 等. 鹽負荷對高血壓病患者血壓及腎臟鈉、鉀排泄功能的影響[J]. 中華心血管病雜志, 1994, 22(2): 87-89, 154.
- 32. Tripathi S, Tripathi K. Role of kidney in hypertension[J]. J Indian Med Assoc, 2003, 101(4):260-262.
- 33. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, et al. Microalbuminuria in salt-sensitive patients. A marker for renal and cardiovascular risk factors[J]. Hypertension, 1994, 23(2):195-199.
- 34. Beard TC, Cooke HM, Gray WR, et al. Randomised controlled trial of a no-added-sodium diet for mild hypertension[J]. Lancet, 1982, 2(8296):455-458.
- 35. Altun B, Arici M. Salt and blood pressure:time to challenge[J]. Cardiology, 2006, 105(1):9-16.
- 36. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality:a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies[J]. Lancet, 2002, 360(9349):1903-1913.
- 37. 劉治全, 侯嶸, 劉杰, 等. 鹽敏感者在人群中的分布及血壓正常鹽敏感者的特點[J]. 高血壓雜志, 1998, 6(1):32-35.
- 38. Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G, et al. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults[J]. BMJ, 2002, 325(7365):628.
- 39. 牟建軍, 劉治全. 限鹽對血壓及心血管健康的作用受到挑戰了嗎?[J]. 中華高血壓雜志, 2011, 19(11):1001-1004.
- 40. Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, et al. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland:a prospective study[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9259):848-851.
- 41. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes:observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP)[J]. BMJ, 2007, 334(7599):885-888.
- 42. Safar M, Laurent S, Safavian A, et al. Sodium and large arteries in hypertension:effects of indapamide[J]. Am J Med, 1988, 84(1B):15-19.
- 43. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)[J]. JAMA, 2002, 288(23):2981-2987.
- 44. Jamerson KA, Bakris GL, Wun CC, et al. Rationale and design of the avoiding cardiovascular events through combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension (ACCOMPLISH) trial-The first randomized controlled trial to compare the clinical outcome effects of first-line combination therapies in hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2004, 17(9):793-801.
- 45. Patel A, ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Macmahon S, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial):a randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2007, 370(9590):829-840.
- 46. Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE, Amery A, et al. The hypertension in the very elderly trial (HYVET)[J]. Drugs Aging, 1994, 5(3):171-183.
- 47. Cherchi A, Sau F, Seguro C. Possible regression of left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment with diuretics and/or beta blockers[J]. J Clin Hypertens, 1987, 3(2):216-225.
- 48. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension[J]. JAMA, 1991, 265(24):3255-3264.
- 49. Weinberger MH, Miller JZ, Luft FC, et al. Definitions and characteristics of Sodium sensitivity and blood pressure resistance[J]. Hypertension, 1986, 8(6 Pt 2):II127-II134.
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