Objective To preliminarily construct a scientific, effective and applicable quality evaluation index system for Party building work in public hospitals of China. Methods Based on quality management theory, literature and policy research before June 2022, combining qualitative research methods including in-depth individual interviews, focus group discussions, and the modified Delphi method, and grounded in theoretical analysis and field investigations, this study constructed a quality evaluation index system for Party building work in public hospitals in the context of high-quality development. Results A quality evaluation index system for Party building work in public hospitals was developed, consisting of 6 primary indicators, 16 secondary indicators, and 36 tertiary indicators. Among the 36 tertiary indicators, 20 were qualitative and 16 were quantitative. Further refinement led to the proposal of 8 core indicators, expanding the applicability of the index system. Conclusion This study provides robust support for further improving the quality evaluation index system for Party building work in public hospitals in China, offering both theoretical foundations and practical guidance for comprehensive evaluation and comparative analysis of Party building work quality and performance across different regions.