This article summarizes the development of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. Lateral flow immunoassay is a rapid, low cost, and ease of use detection tool that has been widely applied in clinical and public health sectors. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the technique has been adopted for rapid antigen diagnostic test of SARS-CoV-2, including commonly used colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassays as well as various fluorescence-based lateral flow immunoassays. With innovations in labelling methods, this detection technique has been in continuous development and is shifting from qualitative toward quantitative as well as gaining sensitivity.
Tumor marker detection plays a critical role in early cancer screening, therapeutic evaluation, and recurrence prediction. However, conventional detection methods are constrained by inadequate sensitivity and specificity, limiting their utility in precision diagnosis. The emergence of nanobiosensors offers a promising alternative. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in nanobiosensors for tumor marker detection, with a focus on functionalized nanoprobe design and signal transduction technologies. On this basis, the key bottlenecks hindering clinical translation, including biofouling in complex biological matrices, batch-to-batch reproducibility, and the lack of standardized validation protocols are critically analyzed. Potential solutions are discussed, such as anti-fouling nanointerfaces, artificial intelligence-assisted multi-target analysis, and wearable monitoring. This review aims to provide a reference for the iterative advancement of precision diagnostic technologies for cancer.