Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is characterized not only by joint structural degeneration and pain but also by proprioceptive deficits and impaired sensorimotor control, which may further compromise joint stability and functional performance. Proprioceptive dysfunction in KOA may involve multiple mechanisms, including altered peripheral sensory input, pain-related modulation, muscle weakness, impaired neuromuscular control, and altered central sensorimotor integration. However, there are still limitations to various training methods, including inconsistent assessment protocols, limited methodological quality, and insufficient evidence regarding long-term effectiveness. Future high-quality studies based on clinical phenotype stratification are needed to advance precision rehabilitation strategies for KOA. This article summarizes the assessment methods, underlying mechanisms, and advances in rehabilitation interventions for proprioceptive dysfunction in KOA from the perspective of sensorimotor control, with the aim of providing a reference for its assessment and individualized rehabilitation.