ObjectiveTo investigate feasibility, safety, and problems to be solved in treatment with programmed death receptor protein-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody for patients with recurrent liver cancer after liver transplantation (LT).MethodAll of the domestic and foreign cases reports about the application of PD-1 monoclonal antibody in the patients with recurrent liver cancer after the LT were analyzed and summarized.ResultsIn six patients with recurrent liver cancer after the LT who received the PD-1 monoclonal antibody, the acute graft rejections were observed in 3 patients, 2 patients had the progressive disease but there was no evidence of the graft rejection, 1 patient achieved the complete response and there was no evidence of graft rejection and no side effects.ConclusionsAt present, effect of PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy is still not sure in patients with recurrent liver cancer after LT. If PD-1 monoclonal antibody is used off-label, close surveillance is needed to discovery possible acute graft rejection.
Objective To summarize the changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the context of immunotherapy and their impact on treatment outcomes. MethodsA systematic review of recent studies on the TME of PDAC was carried out to analyze the immune properties, intercellular interactions, and biological functions of its cellular and non-cellular components, disclose the molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy affects on the TME, explore the advancements in targeted therapy and potential biomarkers, and analyze the challenges in clinical applications and their impacts on the quality of life of patients. ResultsThe TME of PDAC exhibits highly immunosuppressive and heterogeneous characteristics, rich in diverse cells (such as pancreatic cancer cells, stellate cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells) and non-cellular components (such as extracellular matrix). Immunotherapy is capable of regulating the immune balance in the TME and enhancing the anti-tumor response. Despite the progress made in multiple immunotherapy strategies (such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy), challenges such as difficulty in selecting targets, drug resistance, and side effects still persist. Meanwhile, potential biomarkers such as leukemia inhibitory factor offer new directions for individualized treatment. ConclusionsThe TME of PDAC undergoes continuous changes during immunotherapy. In the future, it is requisite to integrate new technologies to deeply explore targets and biomarkers, optimize multimodal precise treatment strategies, enhance the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy, and improve the prognosis of patients.
ObjectiveTo summarize advances in immunotherapy for gastric cancer.MethodThe relevant literatures about immunotherapy for gastric cancer in recent years were reviewed.ResultsRecently, the immunotherapy for the tumors mainly included the immune checkpoint blocking, tumor vaccine, and adoptive immunotherapy. There were many studies on the immune checkpoint blocking, mainly targeting the antibodies of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). A series of studies had shown that the pembrolizumab was effective in the patients with advanced gastric cancer who expressed PD-1 ligand positive. The nivolumab had become the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in Asia, and the patients with mismatch repair defects could benefit more from the PD-1 treatment. Although the CTLA-4 targeted immune checkpoint blocking therapy had been reported, some studies had found that the patients with advanced gastric cancer didn’t benefit from the treatment of CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody ipilimumab. The tumor vaccine therapy in the gastric cancer had been reported. Due to the high heterogeneity of tumor cells in the gastric cancer, the tumor vaccine efficacy of autoantibody was not stable, based on the high- throughput sequencing of neoantigens identification and screening process was complex, the vaccine preparation needed the longer period, how to individualized screening the neoantigen, and the selection of antigens that could effectively activate the T cells to recognize and kill the tumor cells still needed to be overcame.ConclusionsTumor immunotherapy has received worldwide attention. Anti-PD-1 and its ligand as representative immune checkpoint statin therapy in treatment of advanced gastric cancer has showed great potential, but at present there are still many problems need to be solved, such as number of applicable patients of immunotherapy is small, curative effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor screening index also is not clear, tumor vaccine and adoptive cell therapy are promising but there is lack of evidence from clinical research data, combined use of existing treatments and immunotherapy on curative effect still needs more clinical trials to explore.
31 case of advanced primary liver cancer were treated by using IL-2 and LAK cells in which 15 cases were combined with surgery (group A) and 16 cases were combined with chemotherpy (Group B). 7～14 months follow-up showed: In group A there was no recurence and metastasis, and the cell-mediated immunity was obviously improved. In group B, the average life time was more than 5.84 months, the tumor average diameter dicreased in 10 cases ,and the cee-mediated immunity was also improved. The role of immunotherapy combined with surgery or chemotherapy was discussed.
Objective To examine the association between programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods We enrolled adults with lung cancer who initiated ICIs between January 2018 and March 2022 at West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The included patients were divided into PD-L1 TPS<50% group and PD-L1 TPS≥50% group. Clinical outcomes including VTE, pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were evaluated with cox regression models. Results Of the 519 lung cancer patients receiving ICIs finnaly analyzed (347 cases with PD-L1 TPS<50%; 172 cases with PD-L1 TPS≥50%), VTE developed in 48 cases (9.2%) during the 12-month follow-up, of which 41 cases (7.9%) had DVT, 4 cases (0.8%) had PE, and 3 cases (0.6%) had DVT and PE. A higher incidence of VTE was observed in TPS<50% group versus TPS≥50% group (P=0.026), whereas there was a trend toward an increased rate of DVT, which was not statistically significant (P=0.052). Significant differences in PE were not found (P=0.152). After multivariable adjustment, PD-L1 TPS<50%, ECOG PS≥2, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and VTE history were associated with an increased VTE risk (P<0.05). Conclusion VTE occurred in 9.2% of ICI-treated lung cancer patients. PD-L1 TPS<50% was associated with an increased risk of VTE, which should be identified, prevented and intervened early in clinical practice.
ObjectiveTo review the present situation of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discuss the advance of combined immunotherapy.MethodsThe relevant literatures on researches of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced HCC were retrieved to make an review.ResultsImmunotherapy intervention had been becoming a novel and promising therapeutic approach for HCC, which could suppress the progression of aggressive tumor and could inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis shown in some pre-clinical trials. Other studies had found that the combined strategy of specific immunotherapy and conventional therapies could significantly improve the clinical outcomes of HCC patients.ConclusionCombined immunotherapy can significantly improve the clinical outcomes of HCC and benefit more patients with advanced HCC.
At present, the most commonly used nucleoside (acid) anaog (NAs) treatment regimen in clinical practice cannot completely cure chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB). However, although the polyethylene glycol interferon treatment regimen is superior to the NAs regimen in terms of immune mechanism, it has the disadvantage of low hepatitis B virus DNA response rate. In recent years, the cure of CHB is being studied all over the world. Various mechanisms and drug targets are being explored, and diversified therapeutic strategies are also being used. Clinical cure of hepatitis B is possible, but it is still in the early stage, and many potential drugs and better therapeutic strategies are still being tested. This article mainly reviews the latest progress in the treatment of CHB based on the recent research achievements in direct antiviral drugs and host immunotherapy as well as the research progress in combination therapy.
Resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is prone to recurrence and metastasis after simple surgery. Although patients can benefit from preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, the 5-year survival rate is not significantly improved. In recent years, with the rise of immunotherapy, NSCLC immunotherapy has gradually received attention. Many explorations have been made on resectable NSCLC immunotherapy, and satisfactory results have been obtained. With the release of multiple phase 3 research results, a new chapter in resectable NSCLC immunotherapy has officially opened. However, there are still many problems in the immunotherapy of resectable NSCLC. This article reviews the current relevant research and provides reference for clinical application.
Fungal infection is an important clinical problem for patients with immune deficiency or immunosuppression. With deadly fungus infection case increasing, the development of antifungal vaccine attracts the attention of researchers. Dendritic cell (DC) is the unique antigen presenting cell (APC) to trigger the antifungal immune reaction, and recent studies indicate that the targeted vaccination strategy based on DC have prospective antifungal potentials. In this paper, we review the antifungal immunity mechanism and recent development of the targeted DC antifungal strategy.
ObjectiveTo summarize the latest advances in copper and cuproptosis in the field of breast cancer, and to provide a reference for clinical treatment decisions. MethodThe literatures related to copper and cuproptosis in recent years were read and summarized, and the research progress on the role of copper in breast cancer, the application of cuproptosis in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer were reviewed. ResultsCuproptosiswas a novel form of programmed cell death, which occurred via direct binding of copper to lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, this resulted in lipoylated protein aggregation and subsequent iron-sulfur cluster protein loss, leading to proteotoxic stress and ultimately cell death. Cuproptosis induced proliferation and migration of breast cancer cell , mediated personalized immunotherapy, and participated in endocrine and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. ConclusionExploring the mechanism of cuproptosis provides potential applications for subsequent immunotherapy, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy for breast cancer, leading to new effective strategies for patients.