Recently, many researchers paid more attentions to the association between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Haze, a severe form of outdoor air pollution, affected most parts of northern and eastern China in the past winter. In China, studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of outdoor air pollution and biomass smoke exposure on COPD; and most studies have focused on the role of air pollution in acutely triggering symptoms and exacerbations. Few studies have examined the role of air pollution in inducing pathophysiological changes that characterise COPD. Evidence showed that outdoor air pollution affects lung function in both children and adults and triggers exacerbations of COPD symptoms. Hence outdoor air pollution may be considered a risk factor for COPD mortality. However, evidence to date has been suggestive (not conclusive) that chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution increases the prevalence and incidence of COPD. Cross-sectional studies showed biomass smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. A long-term retrospective study and a long-term prospective cohort study showed that biomass smoke exposure reductions were associated with a reduced decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and with a decreased risk of COPD. To fully understand the effect of air pollution on COPD, we recommend future studies with longer follow-up periods, more standardized definitions of COPD and more refined and source-specific exposure assessments.
The diameters of the optic nerves in 54 patients with high intracranial pressure(ICP)were checked and measured with B type ultrasonic tomography and the relationship between thewidth of optic nerve and the optic papiliedema was studied. The results showed that the average diameter (6. 324-0.53)mm of the optic nerves in patients with high ICP was wider than that(3.61 ~:0.29 )mm in health subjects (P(0.01). The rate of increasing width of optic nerve (87.00%)was higher than that (67.00~)of papilledema (P(0.05). In addition,in 19 patients with ICP between 1.97 and 2.50 kPa, the rate of increasing width of optic nerve (79. 00~)was higher than that (42.00%)of papilledema (P (0. 05). These results indicated that measuring the diameter of optic nerve might be more practical than observing tile presence of papilledema in diagnosing high ICP,especially in early stage. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 86-87）
PURPOSE:To inquire into diagnosis and differentiation method for full thickness macular hole,lamellar macular hole and cystoid macular degeneration. METHODS:Amsler grid,Watzke' s sign and laser aiming beam test were performed in the patients:30 with full-thickness macular hole, 12 with lamellar macular hole and 8 with cystoid macular degeneration. The results were analyzed statistically with method of four table precise probability. RESULTS:The positive rate of Amsler grid,watzke's sign and laser aiming beam test was 100% in ail of the full thickness macular holes,and it was 85%，65%and 0 in lamellar macular holes and cystoid macular degeneration respectively. CONCLUSION: Amsler grid testing was sensitive but not specific,Watzke's sign was more sensitive and specific,and the laser aiming beam tesl was extremely sensitive and specific in clinical diagnosis of full thickness macular hole. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 208-210）
OBJCTIVE :To investigate the fundus ocu]i changes in hypnxie isehemic encepbalnpa ally(HIE)of new[x,rns. METHODS:One hundred and two newblt;~rns suffered from HIE were investi- gated to observe lhe pathological neular fundus changes by di~et ophthabnoseopy after mydria~s. RE- SULTS:Seventy seven ca.~s(154 eyes)were found to have ophthalmoscopic changes in the ~ular fundi including papilledema .white retina vaseolar abnormality and hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS:In clinical view .the severity of HIE depends on the pathological ebanges of the brain .and ftmdus ahnormalby will be very often in middle and .~vere sufforers of HIE.
Objective To analyze the influence of COPD on the structure and function of left ventricular. Methods Sixty-nine COPD patients ( mean age: 69. 0 ±7. 8 yrs) and forty healthy controls ( mean age: 67. 8 ±7. 6 yrs) were enrolled in this study. Both groups underwent Doppler echocardiography.Heart rate ( HR) were recorded. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume ( LVEDV) , left ventricular enddiastolic diameter ( LVEDD) , interventricular septum( IVS) , stroke volume ( SV) , and cardiac output ( CO)were measured. The changes of left ventricular were compared between the COPD patients and the healthy controls, and also between the COPD patients with or without chronic cor pulmonale. Results Compared with the healthy controls, movement range of IVS, LVEDD, LVEDV, and SV reduced significantly ( P lt;0. 05) , and HR raised significantly in the COPD patients ( P lt; 0. 05) . CO had no significant difference between two groups ( P gt;0. 05) . Sub-group analysis indicated that the thickness and movement range of IVSwere greater in the patients with cor pulmonale secondary to COPD than those without cor pulmonale ( P lt;0. 05) . Conclusions In COPD patients, left ventricular chamber size decreases, and left ventricular systolic function is impaired. Left ventricular function is impaired more severe in cor pulmonale secondary to COPD than COPD without cor pulmonale.
PURPOSE:To measure the epidermal growth factor (EGF)contents in vitreous and serum samples in normal subjects and patients with proliferative retinal diseases. METHODS: Using radioreceptor assay(RRA)to measure the EGF contents in vitreous and serum in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) 16 cases, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) 20 cases, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)16 cases,other retinal vascular diseases 5 cases,and controls 10 cases. RESULTS:The EGF levels in vitreous of the patient group were apparently higher than those of the controls (Plt;0. 001). Among patient group,the EGF contents in vitrectomy fluid was lower than that of original vitreous, reflecting about 60~ 63~ EGF level in original vitreous, Both showed positive correlation. To compare the EGF contents in serum of patients and controls,the EGF contents in serum of PDR group increased significantly. In CRVO group the EGF contents also increased,while in PVR group,the EGF contents were lower than those of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The increased EGF contents in vitreous of patient group may play a role in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinal diseases. The RRA is a sensitive method for quantitative measurement of growth factor. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 91- 93）
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of simvastatin 40 mg daily use in treatment of coronary heart disease. Methods The study was designed as before-after study in the same patients. One hundred and sixty seven patients with coronary heart disease were prescribed simvastatin 40 mg daily for 3 and 6 months. Total cholestero (TC), low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerldes (TG), ALT and creatine kinase (CK) in serum before therapy and at the end of 3 months and 6 months treatment were dectected. Continuous data were analyzed by standard difference of blocked randomization and described by mean±SD. Dunnet-t test was used for multiple comparison of trial and control groups. Statistical difference was set up at P＜0.05. Success rate was assessed by chi square test at the end of 3 and 6 months treatment. Results Simvastatin 40 mg/d significantly decreased the level of TC (P＜0.000 5), LDL-C (P＜0.000 5), TG (P＜0.05), and could elevate HDL-C (P＜0.05). There were 39.5% of patients whose LDL-C reduced below 70 mg/dl. One patient whose CK raised 5.6 times of upper line of normal range and 4 patients whose ALT raised more than 2 times of upper line of normal range withdrew. The reliability of simvastatin 40 mg/d was relatively good. Conclusions Simvastatin 40 mg/d could significantly improve the lipid profile, and is relatively reliable in treatment of coronary heart disease.
Objectives To analyze the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of different severities. Methods The study included 50 patients with mild-to-moderate COPD and 50 with severe-to-very severe COPD admitted between January 2014 and January 2016. Comorbidities were recorded on the basis of data obtained from medical charts and clinical evaluations. The Charlson comorbidity index was calculated, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score was determined in each subject. Results There were more prevalences of smoking, depression and dyslipidemia in the patients with mild-to-moderate COPD than those with severe-to-very severe COPD (all P<0.001). The prevalences of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, and chronic heart failure were not different significantly between the two groups. The Charlson comorbidity index and HADS scores were not different between the two groups. Conclusions Comorbidities are fairly common in COPD regardless of its severity. Certain risk factors for CVD, as smoking, dyslipidemia, and depression, appear to be more prevalent in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD.
Objective To explore the affecting factors on sinus rhythm maintenance after electric cardioversion for patients with atrial fibrillation (Af) after cardiac valve replacement. Methods One hundred fifty two valvular disease patients with Af after cardiac valve replacement were randomized to 2 groups: Amiodarone group and control group (without anti arrhythmic drugs) after cardioversion. Af recurrence was observed during one year follow up. Results (1) No significant difference of Af recurrence betwe...
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics and contribution factors in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsThe clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiologic data, treatment strategies, and outcomes of 110 COVID-19 patients were retrospectively analyzed in these hospitals from Jan 20, 2020 to Feb 28, 2020. All patients were confirmed by fluorescence reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. They were classified into a non-severe group and a severe group based on their symptoms, laboratory and radiologic findings. All patients were given antivirus, oxygen therapy, and support treatments. The severe patients received high-flow oxygen therapy, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The outcomes of patients were followed up until March 15, 2020. Contribution factors of severe patients were summarized from these clinical data.ResultsThe median age was 50 years old, including 66 males (60.0%) and 44 females (40.0%). Among them, 45 cases (40.9%) had underlying diseases, and 108 cases (98.2%) had different degrees of fever. The common clinical manifestations were cough (80.0%, 88/110), expectoration (33.6%, 37/110), fatigue (50.0%, 55/110), and chest tightness (41.8%, 46/110). Based on classification criteria, 78 (70.9%) non-severe patients and 32 (29.1%) severe patients were identified. Significant difference of the following parameters was found between two groups (P<0.05): age was 47 (45, 50) years vs. 55 (50, 59) years (Z=–2.493); proportion of patients with underlying diseases was 27 (34.6%) vs. 18 (56.3%) (χ2=4.393); lymphocyte count was 1.2 (0.9, 1.5)×109/L vs. 0.6 (0.4, 0.7)×109/L (Z=–7.26); C reactive protein (CRP) was 16.2 (6.5, 24.0) mg/L vs. 45.3 (21.8, 69.4) mg/L (Z=–4.894); prothrombin time (PT) was 15 (12, 19) seconds vs. 18 (17, 19) seconds (Z=–2.532); D-dimer was 0.67 (0.51, 0.82) mg/L vs. 0.98 (0.80, 1.57) mg/L (Z=–5.06); erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 38.0 (20.8, 59.3) mm/1 h vs. 75.5 (39.8, 96.8) mm/1 h (Z=–3.851); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 218.0 (175.0, 252.3) U/L vs. 325.0 (276.5, 413.5) U/L (Z=–5.539); neutrophil count was 3.1 (2.1, 4.5)×109/L vs. 5.5 (3.7, 9.1)×109/L (Z=–4.077). Multivariable logistic analysis showed that there was positive correlation in elevated LDH, CRP, PT, and neutrophil count with the severity of the disease. Currently, 107 patients were discharged and 3 patients died. Total mortality was 2.7%.ConclusionsOld age, underlying diseases, low lymphocyte count, elevated CPR, high D-dimer and ESR are relevant to the severity of COVID-19. LDH, CPR, PT and neutrophil count are independent risk factors for the prognosis of COVID-19.