The balanced allocation of high-quality medical resources is crucial for achieving equity, accessibility, and efficiency in medical services. This study sorts out typical high-quality medical resource allocation modes at home and abroad, analyzes the current situation of resource allocation in different regions, different disciplines and typical scenarios. Then, the mechanism that data and artificial intelligence technologies enable the balanced allocation of medical resources is investigated. Afterwards, realistic demands and practice paths of differentiated sharing and regional collaborative development are summarized. Finally, the sharing and collaborative development challenges of high-quality medical resources under the background of data and artificial intelligence are discussed, and suggestions for promoting the high-quality development of China’s medical service system are puts forward.