Objective To review the research progress in the construction strategy and application of bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels. Methods The literature related to bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels at home and abroad in recent years was reviewed and summarized from the immune response mechanism of different immune cells, the construction strategy of immunomodulating hydrogels, and their practical applications. Results According to the immune response mechanism of different immune cells, the biological materials with immunoregulatory effect is designed, which can regulate the immune response of the body and thus promote the regeneration of bone/cartilage tissue. Immunomodulating hydrogels have good biocompatibility, adjustability, and multifunctionality. By regulating the physical and chemical properties of hydrogel and loading factors or cells, the immune system of the body can be purposively regulated, thus forming an immune microenvironment conducive to osteochondral regeneration. ConclusionImmunomodulating hydrogels can promote osteochondral repair by affecting the immunomodulation process of host organs or cells. It has shown a wide application prospect in the repair of osteochondral defects. However, more data support from basic and clinical experiments is needed for this material to further advance its clinical translation process.
Postoperative stability reconstruction following spinal tumor resection is a critical step to ensure functional recovery and quality of life for patients. This article systematically reviews the current status of anterior and posterior column reconstruction techniques after spinal tumor resection, including strategies such as bone cement augmentation, titanium mesh cage and artificial vertebral body implantation, and three-dimensional-printed personalized prostheses. It emphasizes the need for individualized treatment plans based on tumor type, anatomical location, and the patient’s overall condition. The article also highlights the importance of restoring sagittal balance, multidisciplinary collaboration, and complication prevention for long-term outcomes. In the future, innovations in biomaterials, along with the minimally invasive and intelligent evolution of surgical techniques, will further advance the goal of achieving stable, pain-free, and functionally effective spinal reconstruction for each patient, ultimately enhancing their quality of life.