ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of the relationship between biliary flora and cholangiocarcinoma.MethodThe literatures on the relationship between biliary flora and cholangiocarcinoma were collected and reviewed.ResultsBiliary flora was closely related to the occurrence and development of biliary tract diseases. The inflammatory environment of the biliary tract was an important factor in the occurrence and development of cholangiocarcinoma. Microbes might induce chronic inflammation of the host tissue, leading to cell proliferation and genetic mutation, and ultimately leading to the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma. Bacterial infection might play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma.ConclusionThe study of the role of biliary flora in the development of cholangiocarcinoma may open up a new direction for the prevention and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.