The global incidence of urolithiasis continues to rise. Although surgical treatment is highly effective, postoperative infectious complications remain common and can be life-threatening. Reducing infection risk in high-risk patients, improving surgical safety, and decreasing antimicrobial resistance are urgent issues in urolithiasis surgery. This study constructs a perioperative infection prevention and control framework based on the correlation between surgical approaches, patient immunity, stone characteristics, and urinary microbiota. By standardizing preoperative evaluation, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative monitoring, combined with risk stratification and precise antibiotic use, perioperative management is optimized to enhance surgical safety and provide practical perioperative infection control strategies for urolithiasis in clinical practice.