Objective To identify the the key factors influencing the growth of national-level high-caliber talents in medical disciplines through multi-angle and comprehensive research. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among medical talents from eastern and western regions, and in-depth interviews were carried out with 8 of these individuals from April to June 2024. The questionnaire results were analyzed for reliability and validity, and a comprehensive analysis was performed in conjunction with the interview results. Results A total of 167 medical talents were surveyed. The reliability analysis of the questionnaire showed a Cronbach’s α value of 0.814, indicating high internal consistency. The KMO and Bartlett’s sphericity test results revealed a KMO value of 0.75, with Bartlett’s test of sphericity yielding a P-value<0.001, suggesting suitability for factor analysis. The validity analysis extracted three common factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, accounting for a cumulative variance contribution rate of 67.136%. The three common factors were named as “incentive mechanisms” “global perspective” and “fostering a positive academic atmosphere and cultural environment”, respectively. The findings from the in-depth interviews were largely consistent with the questionnaire survey results. Conclusion This study identifies three main factors influencing the growth of national-level talents in medical disciplines: establishing effective incentive mechanisms, cultivating strategic thinking and a global perspective among national-level talents, and fostering a positive academic atmosphere and cultural environment.