Based on the management of the first imported case of Lassa fever in China, this article summarizes key experiences in precise etiological diagnosis, multidisciplinary collaboration, and development of infectious disease critical care system. It focuses on the application value of next-generation sequencing in the identification of emerging pathogens, highlights the importance of critical thinking and a global epidemiological perspective among infectious disease physicians, and explores feasible approaches to establishing an infectious disease intensive care unit to create an integrated “precision diagnosis-critical care” model. The aim is to provide practical insights for improving the early recognition of imported infectious diseases and strengthening critical care system capacity in China.