Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the esophagus (HGME) refers to the heterotopic distribution of gastric mucosa in the esophagus. Its subtypes include heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus, heterotopic gastric mucosa in the middle esophagus and Barrett esophagus. To date, the occurrence, development and clinical characteristics of each subtype are closely related to gastroesophageal reflux disease, but there are few reviews elaborating on their similarities and differences. This report analyzes the commonalities and differences of HGME subtypes from multiple perspectives including pathogenesis, epidemiology, high-risk factors, clinical symptoms, auxiliary examinations, treatment and prognosis, aiming to provide guidance for future research and clinical practice.