Objective To analyze caring ability and its associated factors among baccalaureate nursing students, so as to put forward suggestions for improving students’ caring ability. Methods A cross-sectional study was used to investigate baccalaureate nursing students’ caring ability and its associated factors in 4 nursing departments of medical universities in Sichuan province. Results The grade of overall status quo of students’ caring ability was 189.72±19.57, and the mean item scores of different subscales showed that patience was highest and courage was lowest.Two variablescould explain the differences in baccalaureate nursing students’ caring ability: relationship with mother and clinical practice. Conclusion Our study suggests that students’ caring ability could be improved by practicing caring and increasing their exposure to clinical practice. Our findings also suggest that school, society and family are all involved in the cultivation of caring ability.
Objective?To compare the effectiveness of P6 stimulation and sham stimulation/ drug intervention on prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods?We searched PubMed (1990 to 2010), OVID (1990 to 2010), EBSCO (1990 to 2010), The Cochrane Library (1996 to 2010), PNAI (1990 to 2010), Hight Wirepres (1990 to 2010), and Chinese Digital Hospital Library (www.chkd.cnki.net) (1999 to 2010) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about P6 stimulation and sham stimulation/drug intervention on prevention of PONV. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed and the data was extracted according to the Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook 4.2.2. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 4.2 software. Results?A total of 21 studies were included. The results of meta-analyses indicated that: (1) Compared with sham stimulation, P6 stimulation could be effective in preventing postoperative nausea (beginning to termination) (Plt;0.000 01), postoperative early nausea (lt;after surgery 6 h) (P=0.000 6) and postoperative late nausea (gt;after surgery 6 h) (P=0.001). (2) Compared with sham stimulation, P6 stimulation could be effective in preventing postoperative vomiting (beginning to termination) (Plt;0.0.000 1) and postoperative early vomiting (P=0.002), but as to postoperative late vomiting (gt;after surgery 6 h), P6 stimulation had no effective preventive effect (P=0.08). (3) Compared with the drug intervention, P6 stimulation had little effect on preventing postoperative nausea (P=0.29) and vomiting (P=0.15). Conclusion?Compared with sham stimulation, P6 stimulation can be effective in preventing postoperative early nausea and vomiting as well as postoperative late nausea, but not effective in preventing postoperative late vomiting. In comparison with drugs, a large number of clinical trials are needed to prove P6 stimulation can replace drugs to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Calcific aortic valve disease has been the most common heart valve disorder in western world, accompanying with the increase of morbidity in our country year by year. Several molecules and mechanisms are involved in the progression of aortic valve calcification, which intensify the complexity of this pathological process. It is known that inflammation, a key factor in many diseases, has its own role in the development of aortic valve calcification. It has been demonstrated that inflammation, one of the most important participants in this disorder, which may accelerate the local lesions in aortic valve via promoting the expression of osteogenic differentiation of associated factors or decreasing the level of protective molecules. Dyslipidemia is a traditional risk factor of cardiovascular events. However, it may induce or enhance the inflammatory response whereby facilitates the calcific lesions in aortic valve. Recently, several researches have illustrated that non-coding RNAs, a stimulative factor in the progression of malignant tumor, might play a role in the development of aortic valve calcification. MiRNA and lncRNA, the non-coding RNAs which regulate the expression of genes involved in inflammatory and osteogenic differentiation, are undeniable regulators of aortic valve calcification.
Objective To observe the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and VEGFR-2 in hypoxic chorioretinal endothelial cells of monkeys (RF/6A), and to evaluate the effect of minocycline. Methods RF/6A was cultured and divided into four groups: control group, hypoxia group, hypoxia and low dose of minocycline group (0.5 mu;mol/L), hypoxia and medium dose of minocycline group (5 mu;mol/L), and hypoxia and high dose of minocycline group (50 mu;mol/L). Real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistopathological staining were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, respectively. Results RT-PCR showed that the expression of VEGFR-1 mRNA did not vary significantly between groups (F 24 h=0.17,F 48 h=1.53,F72 h=2.04;P＞0.05). Compared with hypoxia group, the expression of VEGFR-2 mRNA in all minocycline treated groups were significantly downregulated (low minocycline, medium minocycline, high minocycline: t=4.69, 20.16, 17.12; P＜0.001). The immunohistopathological study showed the cells with positive staining of VEGFR-1 can be observed in all groups, and the staining was relatively weak and mainly located in cell membrane and cytoplasm. The optical density value analysis showed that the protein expression of VEGFR-1 did not vary significantly between groups at all time points（F 24 h=0.251,F 48 h=0.340,F72 h=0.589;P＞0.05）. The VEGFR-2 positive staining cells were also observed in all groups, and the staining was relatively high. Brown staining particles of VEGFR-2 were observed in the cell membrane with minor staining particles in cytoplasm. The staining density of VEGFR-2 was significantly higher in hypoxia group than control group. Compared with the hypoxia group, the protein expression of VEGFR-2 in minocycline treated groups was significantly lower（F 24 h=19.147,F 48 h=14.893,F72 h==11.984; P＜0.05). Conclusion The expression of VEGFR-2 is upregulated in RF/6A, and minocycline somewhat shows an inhibition effect.
Objective To detect the variation rule of different cellular components, extracellular matrix, matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases（TIMPs）in proliferative membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) with different courses of disease, and to investigate the remodeling mechanism of PVR. Methods Sixteen surgically excised specimens of proliferative membranes from patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment combined with PVR with the course of disease of 2 months to 8 years were selected. The different cellular component of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and glial cells, component of extracellular matrix including fibronectin, laminin，and collagen types Ⅰ to Ⅳ, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9) and TIMP1 in proliferative membrane were labeled by immunohistochemical method. The variati on of those labeled components in proliferative membrane in PVR duration and the correlation between these components and the course of PVR were analyzed. Results As the duration of PVR increased,the expression of RPE cells, fibronectin and MMP2 decreased (Plt;0.05）,while glial cells,collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ increased (Plt;0.05）.The positive staining of laminin and collagen type Ⅱ and Ⅳ were found, but the association with PVR duration was not detected. A negative correlation between PVR duration and RPE cells, MMP2, and fibronectin respectively and a positive correlation between PVR duration and glial cells, collagen Ⅰand Ⅲ respectively were detected. MMP2 positively related with variation of fibronect in. Positive staining of MMP9 and TIMP1 was recorded but did not change with the variation of the disease course. Conclusion During the formation and development of proliferative membrane in PVR, RPE cells, glial cells, fibronectin, collagen type Ⅰand Ⅲ and MMP2 take part in the remodeling of proliferative membrane. (Chin J Ocul Fungdus Dis, 2006, 22:308-312)
ObjectiveTo explore the use of comprehensive treatment including drugs, devices and electrophysiology for heart failure patients with surgical indications. MethodsWe collected the clinical data of 65 consecutive cardiac surgical patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction in our department between March 2014 and May 2016. There were 49 males and 16 females with an average age of 61.3±11.4 years ranging from 37 to 80 years. Their left ventricular ejection fraction was less than 40%. Patients with ventricular dysfunction caused by acute myocardial infarction were excluded. A comprehensive treatment strategy was performed according to patients’ individual disease.ResultsFourty patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass with asisting time of 55-400 (148.1±69.8) min; 35 patients needed cross-clamping with time of 44-203 (95.7±39.6) min. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was assisted in 3 patients. Two patients died in hospital. During the follow-up of 13.4 months, the patients’ cardiac function significantly improved and the heart size reduced. Two patients died and two were readmitted for heart failure. Four patients underwent cardiac pacemaker implantation. Other patients with unstable symptoms were stabilized after medical dose adjustment.ConclusionUnder the concept of neuroendocrine inhibition, the comprehensive treatment for heart failure can effectively reduce surgical mortality and improve the patient’s quality of life.
Objective To evaluate the influence of combined general and epidural anesthesia on the prognosis of patients undergoing cancer surgery. Methods Such database as PubMed, OVID, EBSCO, The Cochrane Library and CNKI were searched, and other relevant journals and references of the included literature were also hand searched from 1986 to 2011. Two evaluators independently screened the studies in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed the methodology quality. RevMan 5.0 software was used for meta-analyses. Results Seven studies involving 2 513 patients were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that compared with the single general anesthesia, the combined general and epidural anesthesia had no significant differences in postoperative recurrence and metastasis rate (OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.44 to 1.17, P=0.18). Based on the following four factors i.e. category of cancer, time of follow-up, having preoperative metastais or not, and patients’ age, the sensitivity analysis showed significant differences in the postoperative recurrence and metastasis rate between the two anesthesia methods were found in the group of patients at or above 64 years old and the group with follow-up equal to or less than two years (OR=1.46, 95%CI 1.00 to 2.14, P=0.05; OR=1.55, 95%CI 1.06 to 2.26, P=0.02; respectively). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the groups of patients with colorectal cancer or without preoperative metastasis (OR=1.00, 95%CI 0.62-1.61, P=0.99; OR=1.26, 95%CI 0.86 to 1.86, P=0.23; respectively). Conclusion Compared with single general anesthesia, the combined general and epidural anesthesia cannot reduce the recurrence and metastasis rate for cancer patients, and has no marked improvement in prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer or without preoperative metastasis, but it obviously decreases the probability of forward recurrence and metastasis for the patients at or above 64 years old and the patients with follow-up equal to or less than two years.