- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China;
JIANG Li,
Email: dr_jiangcqmu@163.com
Epilepsy, as one of the most common brain network disorders in clinical practice, is characterized by recurrent, episodic, transient, and stereotyped clinical manifestations, and often presents with various comorbid conditions. Microstate analysis is an emerging EEG analysis technique that serves as a large-scale brain network analysis method based on the clustering of EEG topographic maps. It has been commonly used in brain network research for various neurological and psychiatric disorders. In recent years, EEG microstate analysis has also been gradually applied to the study of epileptic brain networks, potentially providing new insights into the mechanisms of epilepsy, seizure prediction, diagnosis and treatment, prognosis, and the assessment of comorbidities.
Citation： WU Jinfeng, JIANG Li. Reccent advance in role of electroencephalography microstates in epilepsy. Journal of Epilepsy, 2025, 11(5): 419-424. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.202508005 Copy
Copyright ? the editorial department of Journal of Epilepsy of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Singh G, Sander JW. The global burden of epilepsy report: implications for low-and middle-income countries. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2020, 105: 106949. |
| 2. | Wang H J, Tan G, Deng Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety among patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 2018, 138(6): 541-547. |
| 3. | 兒童癲癇長程管理專家共識. 中華兒科雜志, 2013, 51(9): 699-703. |
| 4. | 王薇薇, 吳遜. 腦網絡理論在癲癇臨床中的意義及應用. 癲癇雜志, 2024, 10(1): 66-72. |
| 5. | Wang ZJ, Noh BH, Kim ES, et al. Brain network analysis of interictal epileptiform discharges from ECoG to identify epileptogenic zone in padiatric patients with epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia typeⅡ: a retrospective study. Frontiers in Neurology, 2022, 33: 901633. |
| 6. | Otsubo H, Ogawa H, Pang E, et al. A pediatrics epilepsy: an update on best practice. Expert Review of Neurotherupeutics, 2021, 21(11): 1225-1240. |
| 7. | 張克旭, 杜昌旺, 趙浩淇, 等. 針對局灶性癲癇患者的腦電微狀態分析. 西安交通大學學報, 2020, 54(9): 157-163. |
| 8. | Wang Gang, Rren Doutian. Effect of brainto skullconductivity ratio on EEG source localization accuracy. Biomed Research International, 2013, 2013: 459346. |
| 9. | 王海力, 尹寧, 徐桂芝. 腦電圖微狀態分析及應用研究進展. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2023, 40(1): 163-170. |
| 10. | Lehmann D, Ozaki H, Pal I. EEG alpha map series: brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1987, 67(3): 271-288. |
| 11. | Koenig T, Prichep L, Lehmann D, et al. Millisecond by millisecond, year by year: normative EEG microstates and developmental stages. Neuroimage, 2002, 16(1): 41-48. |
| 12. | Michel CM, Koenig T. EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: A review. Neuroimage. , 2018, 180(Pt B): 577-593. |
| 13. | Khanna A, Pascual-Leone A, Michel CM, et al. Microstates in resting-state EEG: current status and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2015, 49: 105-113. |
| 14. | Lehmann D, Strik WK, Henggeler B, et al. Brain electric microstates and momentary conscious mind states as building blocks of spontaneous thinking: I. Visual imagery and abstract thoughts. Int J Psychophysiol, 1998, 29(1): 1-11. |
| 15. | Lehmann D, Faber PL, Galderisi S, et al. EEG microstate duration and syntax in acute, medication-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: a multi-center study. Psychiatry Res, 2005, 138(2): 141-156. |
| 16. | Murray MM, Brunet D, Michel CM. Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review. Brain Topogr, 2008, 20(4): 249-264. |
| 17. | Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D. Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: model estimation and validation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1995, 42(7): 658-665. |
| 18. | Rieger K, Diaz Hernandez L, Baenninger A, et al. 15 years of microstate research in schizophrenia - where are we? A meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry, 2016, 26(7): 22. |
| 19. | Van de Ville D, Britz J, Michel CM. EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(42): 18179-18184. |
| 20. | Li, Z, Zhang, L, Zhang, F, et al. Demystifying signal processing techniques to extract resting-state EEG features for psychologists Brain Science Advances, 2021, 6 (3): 189-209. |
| 21. | Britz J, Van De Ville D, Michel CM. BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics. Neuroimage, 2010, 52(4): 1162-1170. |
| 22. | Ku?ikien? D, Rajkumar R, Timpte K, et al. EEG microstates show different features in focal epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(4): 974-983. |
| 23. | Custo A, Van De Ville D, Wells WM, et al. Electroencephalographic resting-state networks: source localization of microstates. Brain Connect, 2017, 7(10): 671-682. |
| 24. | Tait L, Tamagnini F, Stothart G, et al. EEG microstate complexity for aiding early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 17627. |
| 25. | Férat V, Arns M, Deiber MP, et al. Electroencephalographic microstates as novel functional biomarkers for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 2022, 7(8): 814-823. |
| 26. | He Y, Yu Q, Yang T, et al. Abnormalities in electroencephalographic microstates among adolescents with first episode major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry, 2021, 12: 775156. |
| 27. | Das S, Zomorrodi R, Kirkovski M, et al. Atypical alpha band microstates produced during eyes-closed resting state EEG in autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2024, 131: 110958. |
| 28. | Lian H, Li Y, Li Y. Altered EEG microstate dynamics in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol, 2021, 132(11): 2861-2869. |
| 29. | Chu C, Wang X, Cai L, et al. Spatiotemporal EEG microstate analysis in drug-free patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage Clin, 2020, 25: 102132. |
| 30. | Hanoglu L, Toplutas E, Saricaoglu M, et al. Therapeutic role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in alzheimer's and parkinson's disease: electroencephalography microstate correlates. Front Neurosci, 2022, 16: 798558. |
| 31. | Peng A, Wang R, Huang J, et al. Abnormalities of Resting-State Electroencephalographic Microstate in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci, 2021, 15: 728405. |
| 32. | Kleinert T, Koenig T, Nash K, et al. On the reliability of the eeg microstate approach. Brain Topogr, 2024, 37(2): 271-286. |
| 33. | Baud MO, Kleen JK, Mirro EA, et al. Multi-day rhythms modulate seizure risk in epilepsy. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1): 88. |
| 34. | Rochas V, Gschwind M, Nedeltchev K, et al. Spike-microstates correlate with interictal epileptogenic discharges: a marker for hidden epileptic activity. Brain Commun, 2023, 5(3): fcad124. |
| 35. | Liu H, Tang H, Wei W, et al. Altered peri-seizure EEG microstate dynamics in patients with absence epilepsy. Seizure, 2021, 88: 15-21. |
| 36. | 羅劍花. 基于微狀態的癲癇腦電信號研究. 昆明理工大學, 2022, 碩士學位論文. |
| 37. | Shi W, Cao Y, Chen F, et al. Multi-perspective characterization of seizure prediction based on microstate analysis. Front Neurosci, 2024, 18: 1474782. |
| 38. | Piorecka V, Piorecky M, Strobl J, et al. EEG microstates analysis in patients with epilepsy. Léka? a technika-Clinician and Technology, 2018, 48(3): 96-102. |
| 39. | Yang L, He J, Liu D, et al. EEG microstate features as an automatic recognition model of high-density epileptic eeg using support vector machine. Brain Sc, 2022, 12(12): 1731. |
| 40. | Jiang Y, Zhu M, Hu Y, et al. Altered resting-state electroencephalography microstates in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: a prospective case-control study. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 710952. |
| 41. | RajV K, Rajagopalan SS, Bhardwaj S, et al. Machine learning detects EEG microstate alterations in patients living with temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure, 2018, 61: 8-13. |
| 42. | Baldini S, Duma GM, Danieli A, et al. Electroencephalographic microstates as a potential neurophysiological marker differentiating bilateral from unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(3): 664-674. |
| 43. | Mazzeo A, Cerulli Irelli E, Leodori G, et al. Resting-state electroencephalography microstates as a marker of photosensitivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Brain Commun, 2024, 6(2): fcae054. |
| 44. | Sa A, C S, P D, et al. Resting state EEG microstate profiling and a machine-learning based classifier model in epilepsy. Cogn Neurodyn, 2024, 18(5): 2419-2432. |
| 45. | Li Y, Xu L, Zhao Y, et al. Topographic differences in EEG microstates: distinguishing juvenile myoclonic epilepsy from frontal lobe epilepsy. Cogn Neurodyn, 2025, 19(1): 72. |
| 46. | Ahn SH, Jang HN, Kim S, et al. Identification of topological alterations using microstate dynamics in patients with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 9490. |
| 47. | Zhang S, Tang J, Huang J, et al. Whole-brain dynamic resting-state functional network analysis in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform, 2022, 26(8): 3813-3821. |
| 48. | Ahmadi N, Pei Y, Carrette E, et al. EEG-based classification of epilepsy and PNES: EEG microstate and functional brain network features. Brain Inform, 2020, 7(1): 6. |
| 49. | Huang K, Chen D, Tian L, et al. Altered EEG microstate dynamics in first unprovoked seizure and newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. Eur J Neurol, 2025, 32(7): e70279. |
| 50. | Park KM, Cho KH, Lee HJ, et al. Predicting the antiepileptic drug response by brain connectivity in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. J Neurol, 2020, 267(4): 1179-1187. |
| 51. | Wang B, Han X, Zhao Z, et al. EEG-driven prediction model of oxcarbazepine treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 8: 781937. |
| 52. | Rong R, Zhang R, Xu Y, et al. The Role of EEG microstates in predicting oxcarbazepine treatment outcomes in patients with newly-diagnosed focal epilepsy. Seizure, 2024, 119: 63-70. |
| 53. | Ricci L, Croce P, Pulitano P, et al. Levetiracetam modulates EEG microstates in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Topogr, 2022, 35(5-6): 680-691. |
| 54. | Zhu C, Li J, Wei D, et al. Intrinsic brain activity differences in perampanel-responsive and non-responsive drug-resistant epilepsy patients: an EEG microstate analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2024, 17: 17562864241227293. |
| 55. | Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology, 2017, 88(3): 296-303. |
| 56. | Zhu C, Zhang J, Fang S, et al. Intrinsic brain activity differences in drug-resistant epilepsy and well-controlled epilepsy patients: an EEG microstate analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2024, 17: 17562864241307846. |
| 57. | 魏子涵. 基于腦電微狀態的顳葉癲癇腦功能網絡時空特征分析及機器學習預測模型構建. 中國人民解放軍空軍軍醫大學, 2024, 博士學位論文. |
| 58. | Zhang J, Zhu C, Li J, et al. A comprehensive prediction model of drug-refractory epilepsy based on combined clinical-EEG microstate features. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2024, 17: 17562864241276202. |
| 59. | Keezer MR, Sisodiya SM, Sander JW. Comorbidities of epilepsy: current concepts and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(1): 106-15. |
| 60. | Hingray C, McGonigal A, Kotwas I, et al. The Relationship Between Epilepsy and Anxiety Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2019, 21(6): 40. |
| 61. | Maguire MJ, Marson AG, Nevitt SJ. Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021, 4(4): CD010682. |
| 62. | Operto FF, Pastorino GMG, Viggiano A, et al. Epilepsy and Cognitive Impairment in Childhood and Adolescence: A Mini-Review. Curr Neuropharmacol, 2023, 21(8): 1646-1665. |
| 63. | Bauer PR, Tolner EA, Keezer MR, et al. Headache in people with epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol, 2021, 17(9): 529-544. |
| 64. | Fang S, Zhu C, Zhang J, et al. EEG microstates in epilepsy with and without cognitive dysfunction: Alteration in intrinsic brain activity. Epilepsy Behav, 2024, 154: 109729. |
| 65. | Lv L, Lin N, Gao W, et al. Differentiation with electroencephalography microstate in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without cognitive decline. Epilepsy Behav, 2025, 166: 110365. |
| 66. | Chen Y, Han X, Li Y, et al. Electroencephalogram microstate analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: A comparative study with and without anxiety. Seizure, 2025, 130: 92-99. |
| 67. | Sun Y, Ren G, Ren J, et al. Intrinsic Brain Activity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With and Without Depression: Insights From EEG Microstates. Front Neurol, 2022, 12: 753113. |
- 1. Singh G, Sander JW. The global burden of epilepsy report: implications for low-and middle-income countries. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2020, 105: 106949.
- 2. Wang H J, Tan G, Deng Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety among patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 2018, 138(6): 541-547.
- 3. 兒童癲癇長程管理專家共識. 中華兒科雜志, 2013, 51(9): 699-703.
- 4. 王薇薇, 吳遜. 腦網絡理論在癲癇臨床中的意義及應用. 癲癇雜志, 2024, 10(1): 66-72.
- 5. Wang ZJ, Noh BH, Kim ES, et al. Brain network analysis of interictal epileptiform discharges from ECoG to identify epileptogenic zone in padiatric patients with epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia typeⅡ: a retrospective study. Frontiers in Neurology, 2022, 33: 901633.
- 6. Otsubo H, Ogawa H, Pang E, et al. A pediatrics epilepsy: an update on best practice. Expert Review of Neurotherupeutics, 2021, 21(11): 1225-1240.
- 7. 張克旭, 杜昌旺, 趙浩淇, 等. 針對局灶性癲癇患者的腦電微狀態分析. 西安交通大學學報, 2020, 54(9): 157-163.
- 8. Wang Gang, Rren Doutian. Effect of brainto skullconductivity ratio on EEG source localization accuracy. Biomed Research International, 2013, 2013: 459346.
- 9. 王海力, 尹寧, 徐桂芝. 腦電圖微狀態分析及應用研究進展. 生物醫學工程學雜志, 2023, 40(1): 163-170.
- 10. Lehmann D, Ozaki H, Pal I. EEG alpha map series: brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1987, 67(3): 271-288.
- 11. Koenig T, Prichep L, Lehmann D, et al. Millisecond by millisecond, year by year: normative EEG microstates and developmental stages. Neuroimage, 2002, 16(1): 41-48.
- 12. Michel CM, Koenig T. EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: A review. Neuroimage. , 2018, 180(Pt B): 577-593.
- 13. Khanna A, Pascual-Leone A, Michel CM, et al. Microstates in resting-state EEG: current status and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2015, 49: 105-113.
- 14. Lehmann D, Strik WK, Henggeler B, et al. Brain electric microstates and momentary conscious mind states as building blocks of spontaneous thinking: I. Visual imagery and abstract thoughts. Int J Psychophysiol, 1998, 29(1): 1-11.
- 15. Lehmann D, Faber PL, Galderisi S, et al. EEG microstate duration and syntax in acute, medication-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: a multi-center study. Psychiatry Res, 2005, 138(2): 141-156.
- 16. Murray MM, Brunet D, Michel CM. Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review. Brain Topogr, 2008, 20(4): 249-264.
- 17. Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D. Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: model estimation and validation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1995, 42(7): 658-665.
- 18. Rieger K, Diaz Hernandez L, Baenninger A, et al. 15 years of microstate research in schizophrenia - where are we? A meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry, 2016, 26(7): 22.
- 19. Van de Ville D, Britz J, Michel CM. EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(42): 18179-18184.
- 20. Li, Z, Zhang, L, Zhang, F, et al. Demystifying signal processing techniques to extract resting-state EEG features for psychologists Brain Science Advances, 2021, 6 (3): 189-209.
- 21. Britz J, Van De Ville D, Michel CM. BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics. Neuroimage, 2010, 52(4): 1162-1170.
- 22. Ku?ikien? D, Rajkumar R, Timpte K, et al. EEG microstates show different features in focal epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(4): 974-983.
- 23. Custo A, Van De Ville D, Wells WM, et al. Electroencephalographic resting-state networks: source localization of microstates. Brain Connect, 2017, 7(10): 671-682.
- 24. Tait L, Tamagnini F, Stothart G, et al. EEG microstate complexity for aiding early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 17627.
- 25. Férat V, Arns M, Deiber MP, et al. Electroencephalographic microstates as novel functional biomarkers for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 2022, 7(8): 814-823.
- 26. He Y, Yu Q, Yang T, et al. Abnormalities in electroencephalographic microstates among adolescents with first episode major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry, 2021, 12: 775156.
- 27. Das S, Zomorrodi R, Kirkovski M, et al. Atypical alpha band microstates produced during eyes-closed resting state EEG in autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2024, 131: 110958.
- 28. Lian H, Li Y, Li Y. Altered EEG microstate dynamics in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol, 2021, 132(11): 2861-2869.
- 29. Chu C, Wang X, Cai L, et al. Spatiotemporal EEG microstate analysis in drug-free patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage Clin, 2020, 25: 102132.
- 30. Hanoglu L, Toplutas E, Saricaoglu M, et al. Therapeutic role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in alzheimer's and parkinson's disease: electroencephalography microstate correlates. Front Neurosci, 2022, 16: 798558.
- 31. Peng A, Wang R, Huang J, et al. Abnormalities of Resting-State Electroencephalographic Microstate in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci, 2021, 15: 728405.
- 32. Kleinert T, Koenig T, Nash K, et al. On the reliability of the eeg microstate approach. Brain Topogr, 2024, 37(2): 271-286.
- 33. Baud MO, Kleen JK, Mirro EA, et al. Multi-day rhythms modulate seizure risk in epilepsy. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1): 88.
- 34. Rochas V, Gschwind M, Nedeltchev K, et al. Spike-microstates correlate with interictal epileptogenic discharges: a marker for hidden epileptic activity. Brain Commun, 2023, 5(3): fcad124.
- 35. Liu H, Tang H, Wei W, et al. Altered peri-seizure EEG microstate dynamics in patients with absence epilepsy. Seizure, 2021, 88: 15-21.
- 36. 羅劍花. 基于微狀態的癲癇腦電信號研究. 昆明理工大學, 2022, 碩士學位論文.
- 37. Shi W, Cao Y, Chen F, et al. Multi-perspective characterization of seizure prediction based on microstate analysis. Front Neurosci, 2024, 18: 1474782.
- 38. Piorecka V, Piorecky M, Strobl J, et al. EEG microstates analysis in patients with epilepsy. Léka? a technika-Clinician and Technology, 2018, 48(3): 96-102.
- 39. Yang L, He J, Liu D, et al. EEG microstate features as an automatic recognition model of high-density epileptic eeg using support vector machine. Brain Sc, 2022, 12(12): 1731.
- 40. Jiang Y, Zhu M, Hu Y, et al. Altered resting-state electroencephalography microstates in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: a prospective case-control study. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 710952.
- 41. RajV K, Rajagopalan SS, Bhardwaj S, et al. Machine learning detects EEG microstate alterations in patients living with temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure, 2018, 61: 8-13.
- 42. Baldini S, Duma GM, Danieli A, et al. Electroencephalographic microstates as a potential neurophysiological marker differentiating bilateral from unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(3): 664-674.
- 43. Mazzeo A, Cerulli Irelli E, Leodori G, et al. Resting-state electroencephalography microstates as a marker of photosensitivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Brain Commun, 2024, 6(2): fcae054.
- 44. Sa A, C S, P D, et al. Resting state EEG microstate profiling and a machine-learning based classifier model in epilepsy. Cogn Neurodyn, 2024, 18(5): 2419-2432.
- 45. Li Y, Xu L, Zhao Y, et al. Topographic differences in EEG microstates: distinguishing juvenile myoclonic epilepsy from frontal lobe epilepsy. Cogn Neurodyn, 2025, 19(1): 72.
- 46. Ahn SH, Jang HN, Kim S, et al. Identification of topological alterations using microstate dynamics in patients with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 9490.
- 47. Zhang S, Tang J, Huang J, et al. Whole-brain dynamic resting-state functional network analysis in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform, 2022, 26(8): 3813-3821.
- 48. Ahmadi N, Pei Y, Carrette E, et al. EEG-based classification of epilepsy and PNES: EEG microstate and functional brain network features. Brain Inform, 2020, 7(1): 6.
- 49. Huang K, Chen D, Tian L, et al. Altered EEG microstate dynamics in first unprovoked seizure and newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. Eur J Neurol, 2025, 32(7): e70279.
- 50. Park KM, Cho KH, Lee HJ, et al. Predicting the antiepileptic drug response by brain connectivity in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. J Neurol, 2020, 267(4): 1179-1187.
- 51. Wang B, Han X, Zhao Z, et al. EEG-driven prediction model of oxcarbazepine treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 8: 781937.
- 52. Rong R, Zhang R, Xu Y, et al. The Role of EEG microstates in predicting oxcarbazepine treatment outcomes in patients with newly-diagnosed focal epilepsy. Seizure, 2024, 119: 63-70.
- 53. Ricci L, Croce P, Pulitano P, et al. Levetiracetam modulates EEG microstates in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Topogr, 2022, 35(5-6): 680-691.
- 54. Zhu C, Li J, Wei D, et al. Intrinsic brain activity differences in perampanel-responsive and non-responsive drug-resistant epilepsy patients: an EEG microstate analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2024, 17: 17562864241227293.
- 55. Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology, 2017, 88(3): 296-303.
- 56. Zhu C, Zhang J, Fang S, et al. Intrinsic brain activity differences in drug-resistant epilepsy and well-controlled epilepsy patients: an EEG microstate analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2024, 17: 17562864241307846.
- 57. 魏子涵. 基于腦電微狀態的顳葉癲癇腦功能網絡時空特征分析及機器學習預測模型構建. 中國人民解放軍空軍軍醫大學, 2024, 博士學位論文.
- 58. Zhang J, Zhu C, Li J, et al. A comprehensive prediction model of drug-refractory epilepsy based on combined clinical-EEG microstate features. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2024, 17: 17562864241276202.
- 59. Keezer MR, Sisodiya SM, Sander JW. Comorbidities of epilepsy: current concepts and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(1): 106-15.
- 60. Hingray C, McGonigal A, Kotwas I, et al. The Relationship Between Epilepsy and Anxiety Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2019, 21(6): 40.
- 61. Maguire MJ, Marson AG, Nevitt SJ. Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021, 4(4): CD010682.
- 62. Operto FF, Pastorino GMG, Viggiano A, et al. Epilepsy and Cognitive Impairment in Childhood and Adolescence: A Mini-Review. Curr Neuropharmacol, 2023, 21(8): 1646-1665.
- 63. Bauer PR, Tolner EA, Keezer MR, et al. Headache in people with epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol, 2021, 17(9): 529-544.
- 64. Fang S, Zhu C, Zhang J, et al. EEG microstates in epilepsy with and without cognitive dysfunction: Alteration in intrinsic brain activity. Epilepsy Behav, 2024, 154: 109729.
- 65. Lv L, Lin N, Gao W, et al. Differentiation with electroencephalography microstate in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without cognitive decline. Epilepsy Behav, 2025, 166: 110365.
- 66. Chen Y, Han X, Li Y, et al. Electroencephalogram microstate analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: A comparative study with and without anxiety. Seizure, 2025, 130: 92-99.
- 67. Sun Y, Ren G, Ren J, et al. Intrinsic Brain Activity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With and Without Depression: Insights From EEG Microstates. Front Neurol, 2022, 12: 753113.