- 執筆（排名不分先后）：王藝（復旦大學附屬兒科醫院神經內科）、孫若鵬（山東大學齊魯醫院兒童醫療中心神經科）、陸國平（復旦大學附屬兒科醫院重癥醫學科）、王佶（復旦大學附屬兒科醫院神經內科）、陳偉明（復旦大學附屬兒科醫院重癥醫學科）、王天祺（復旦大學附屬兒科醫院神經內科） 審校（排名不分先后）：姜玉武（北京大學第一醫院兒科）、秦炯（北京大學人民醫院兒科）、黃紹平（西安交通大學第二附屬醫院兒科）、王學峰（重慶醫科大學附屬第一醫院神經內科）;
兒童癲癇持續狀態協作組,
Email: yiwang@shmu.edu.cn
Citation： 兒童癲癇持續狀態協作組. 兒童癲癇持續狀態診斷治療的中國專家共識（2022）. Journal of Epilepsy, 2022, 8(5): 383-389. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.202207002 Copy
Copyright ? the editorial department of Journal of Epilepsy of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, et al. Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study. The Lancet, 2006, 368(9531): 222-229. |
| 2. | Neligan A, Noyce A, Gosavi TD, et al. Change in mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in high-income countries over time. Jama Neurol, 2019, 76(8): 897. |
| 3. | Gaínza-Lein M, Sánchez Fernández I, Jackson M, et al. Association of time to treatment with short-term outcomes for pediatric patients with refractory convulsive status epilepticus. Jama Neurol, 2018, 75(4): 410. |
| 4. | Nishiyama I, Ohtsuka Y, Tsuda T, et al. An epidemiological study of children with status epilepticus in Okayama, Japan: incidence, etiologies, and outcomes. Epilepsy Res, 2011, 96(1-2): 89-95. |
| 5. | Wang T, Wang J, Dou Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis in a large paediatric cohort with status epilepticus. Seizure, 2020, 80: 5-11. |
| 6. | Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus - Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(10): 1515-1523. |
| 7. | Manno EM. Status Epilepticus. The Neurohospitalist, 2011, 1(1): 23-31. |
| 8. | Shorvon S. Super-refractory status epilepticus: An approach to therapy in this difficult clinical situation. Epilepsia, 2011, 52: 53-56. |
| 9. | Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain, 2012, 135(8): 2314-2328. |
| 10. | Lu W, Weng W, Wong L, et al. The etiology and prognosis of super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 86: 66-71. |
| 11. | Jafarpour S, Stredny CM, Piantino J, et al. Baseline and outcome assessment in pediatric status epilepticus. Seizure, 2019, 68: 52-61. |
| 12. | Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521. |
| 13. | Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(4): 676-685. |
| 14. | Leitinger M, Beniczky S, Rohracher A, et al. Salzburg consensus criteria for non-convulsive status epilepticus–approach to clinical application. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 49: 158-163. |
| 15. | 廖建湘. 兒童非驚厥性癲癇持續狀態的診斷與治療. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(12): 893-897. |
| 16. | Singh RK, Stephens S, Berl MM, et al. Prospective study of new-onset seizures presenting as status epilepticus in childhood. Neurology, 2010, 74(8): 636-642. |
| 17. | Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Helen Cross J, et al. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(9): 2147-2153. |
| 18. | Berg AT, Testa FM, Levy SR, et al. Neuroimaging in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a community-based study. Pediatrics, 2000, 106(3): 527-532. |
| 19. | Nair P P, Kalita J, Misra U K. Role of cranial imaging in epileptic status. Eur J Radiol, 2009, 70(3): 475-480. |
| 20. | Guerriero RM, Gaillard WD. Imaging modalities to diagnose and localize status epilepticus. Seizure, 2019, 68: 46-51. |
| 21. | Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, Sculier C, et al. New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): State of the art and perspectives. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(4): 745-752. |
| 22. | Spatola M, Novy J, Du Pasquier R, et al. Status epilepticus of inflammatory etiology: a cohort study. Neurology, 2015, 85(5): 464-470. |
| 23. | Wang T, Wang J, Ma Y, et al. High genetic burden in 163 Chinese children with status epilepticus. Seizure, 2021, 84: 40-46. |
| 24. | Sutter R, Dittrich T, Semmlack S, et al. Acute systemic complications of convulsive status epilepticus—a systematic review. Crit Care Med, 2018, 46(1): 138-145. |
| 25. | Sathe A G, Underwood E, Coles L D, et al. Patterns of benzodiazepine underdosing in the established status epilepticus treatment trial. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(3): 795-806. |
| 26. | 宿英英. 難治性癲癇持續狀態治療策略. 中華神經科雜志, 2015, 48(03): 161-163. |
| 27. | Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr, 2016, 16(1): 48-61. |
| 28. | Singh A, Stredny CM, Loddenkemper T. Pharmacotherapy for pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. CNS Drugs, 2020, 34(1): 47-63. |
| 29. | Alvarez V, Lee JW, Drislane FW, et al. Practice variability and efficacy of clonazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam in status epilepticus: a multicenter comparison. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(8): 1275-1285. |
| 30. | Navarro V, Dagron C, Elie C, et al. Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Neurology, 2016, 15(1): 47-55. |
| 31. | Zaccara G, Giannasi G, Oggioni R, et al. Challenges in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2017, 47: 17-24. |
| 32. | Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1): 3-23. |
| 33. | Chamberlain JM, Kapur J, Shinnar S, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 2020, 395(10231): 1217-1224. |
| 34. | Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 2019, 393(10186): 2135-2145. |
| 35. | Lyttle MD, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. The Lancet, 2019, 393(10186): 2125-2134. |
| 36. | Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. New Engl J Med, 2019, 381(22): 2103-2113. |
| 37. | Ozdemir D, Gulez P, Uran N, et al. Efficacy of continuous midazolam infusion and mortality in childhood refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2005, 14(2): 129-132. |
| 38. | Morrison G, Gibbons E, Whitehouse WP. High-dose midazolam therapy for refractory status epilepticus in children. Intens Care Med, 2006, 32(12): 2070-2076. |
| 39. | Fernandez A, Lantigua H, Lesch C, et al. High-dose midazolam infusion for refractory status epilepticus. Neurology, 2014, 82(4): 359-365. |
| 40. | Zhang Q, Yu Y, Lu Y, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of propofol versus barbiturates for controlling refractory status epilepticus. BMC Neurol, 2019, 19(1): 11-55. |
| 41. | Tasker RC, Goodkin HP, Sánchez Fernández I, et al. Refractory status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Crit Care Me, 2016, 17(10): 968-975. |
| 42. | van Gestel JPJ, Blussé Van Oud-Alblas HJ, Malingré M, et al. Propofol and thiopental for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology, 2005, 65(4): 591-592. |
| 43. | Rosati A, Ilvento L, L'Erario M, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01). BMJ Open, 2016, 6(6): e11565. |
| 44. | Rosati A, De Masi S, Guerrini R. Ketamine for refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review. Cns Drugs, 2018, 32(11): 997-1009. |
| 45. | Aky?ld?z BN, Kumanda? S. Treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus with topiramate. Child's Nervous System, 2011, 27(9): 1425-1430. |
| 46. | Ortiz De La Rosa JS, Ladino LD, Rodríguez PJ, et al. Efficacy of lacosamide in children and adolescents with drug-resistant epilepsy and refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review. Seizure, 2018, 56: 34-40. |
| 47. | Strzelczyk A, Z?llner JP, Willems LM, et al. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Systematic review of current evidence. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(6): 933-950. |
| 48. | Lim S, Wu T, Tseng WJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus: cohort study of 81 patients and literature review. J Neurol, 2021, 268(10): 3744-3757. |
| 49. | Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain, 2011, 134(10): 2802-2818. |
| 50. | Lai A, Outin HD, Jabot J, et al. Functional outcome of prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1). |
| 51. | 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦電圖與癲癇學組. 非驚厥性癲癇持續狀態的治療專家共識. 中華神經科雜志, 2013, 46(2): 133-137. |
| 52. | Macdonald-Laurs E, Koirala A, Britton PN, et al. CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Eur J Paediatr Neuro, 2019, 23(1): 204-213. |
- 1. Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, et al. Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study. The Lancet, 2006, 368(9531): 222-229.
- 2. Neligan A, Noyce A, Gosavi TD, et al. Change in mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in high-income countries over time. Jama Neurol, 2019, 76(8): 897.
- 3. Gaínza-Lein M, Sánchez Fernández I, Jackson M, et al. Association of time to treatment with short-term outcomes for pediatric patients with refractory convulsive status epilepticus. Jama Neurol, 2018, 75(4): 410.
- 4. Nishiyama I, Ohtsuka Y, Tsuda T, et al. An epidemiological study of children with status epilepticus in Okayama, Japan: incidence, etiologies, and outcomes. Epilepsy Res, 2011, 96(1-2): 89-95.
- 5. Wang T, Wang J, Dou Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis in a large paediatric cohort with status epilepticus. Seizure, 2020, 80: 5-11.
- 6. Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus - Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(10): 1515-1523.
- 7. Manno EM. Status Epilepticus. The Neurohospitalist, 2011, 1(1): 23-31.
- 8. Shorvon S. Super-refractory status epilepticus: An approach to therapy in this difficult clinical situation. Epilepsia, 2011, 52: 53-56.
- 9. Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain, 2012, 135(8): 2314-2328.
- 10. Lu W, Weng W, Wong L, et al. The etiology and prognosis of super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 86: 66-71.
- 11. Jafarpour S, Stredny CM, Piantino J, et al. Baseline and outcome assessment in pediatric status epilepticus. Seizure, 2019, 68: 52-61.
- 12. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.
- 13. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(4): 676-685.
- 14. Leitinger M, Beniczky S, Rohracher A, et al. Salzburg consensus criteria for non-convulsive status epilepticus–approach to clinical application. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 49: 158-163.
- 15. 廖建湘. 兒童非驚厥性癲癇持續狀態的診斷與治療. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(12): 893-897.
- 16. Singh RK, Stephens S, Berl MM, et al. Prospective study of new-onset seizures presenting as status epilepticus in childhood. Neurology, 2010, 74(8): 636-642.
- 17. Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Helen Cross J, et al. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(9): 2147-2153.
- 18. Berg AT, Testa FM, Levy SR, et al. Neuroimaging in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a community-based study. Pediatrics, 2000, 106(3): 527-532.
- 19. Nair P P, Kalita J, Misra U K. Role of cranial imaging in epileptic status. Eur J Radiol, 2009, 70(3): 475-480.
- 20. Guerriero RM, Gaillard WD. Imaging modalities to diagnose and localize status epilepticus. Seizure, 2019, 68: 46-51.
- 21. Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, Sculier C, et al. New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): State of the art and perspectives. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(4): 745-752.
- 22. Spatola M, Novy J, Du Pasquier R, et al. Status epilepticus of inflammatory etiology: a cohort study. Neurology, 2015, 85(5): 464-470.
- 23. Wang T, Wang J, Ma Y, et al. High genetic burden in 163 Chinese children with status epilepticus. Seizure, 2021, 84: 40-46.
- 24. Sutter R, Dittrich T, Semmlack S, et al. Acute systemic complications of convulsive status epilepticus—a systematic review. Crit Care Med, 2018, 46(1): 138-145.
- 25. Sathe A G, Underwood E, Coles L D, et al. Patterns of benzodiazepine underdosing in the established status epilepticus treatment trial. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(3): 795-806.
- 26. 宿英英. 難治性癲癇持續狀態治療策略. 中華神經科雜志, 2015, 48(03): 161-163.
- 27. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr, 2016, 16(1): 48-61.
- 28. Singh A, Stredny CM, Loddenkemper T. Pharmacotherapy for pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. CNS Drugs, 2020, 34(1): 47-63.
- 29. Alvarez V, Lee JW, Drislane FW, et al. Practice variability and efficacy of clonazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam in status epilepticus: a multicenter comparison. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(8): 1275-1285.
- 30. Navarro V, Dagron C, Elie C, et al. Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Neurology, 2016, 15(1): 47-55.
- 31. Zaccara G, Giannasi G, Oggioni R, et al. Challenges in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2017, 47: 17-24.
- 32. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1): 3-23.
- 33. Chamberlain JM, Kapur J, Shinnar S, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 2020, 395(10231): 1217-1224.
- 34. Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 2019, 393(10186): 2135-2145.
- 35. Lyttle MD, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. The Lancet, 2019, 393(10186): 2125-2134.
- 36. Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. New Engl J Med, 2019, 381(22): 2103-2113.
- 37. Ozdemir D, Gulez P, Uran N, et al. Efficacy of continuous midazolam infusion and mortality in childhood refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2005, 14(2): 129-132.
- 38. Morrison G, Gibbons E, Whitehouse WP. High-dose midazolam therapy for refractory status epilepticus in children. Intens Care Med, 2006, 32(12): 2070-2076.
- 39. Fernandez A, Lantigua H, Lesch C, et al. High-dose midazolam infusion for refractory status epilepticus. Neurology, 2014, 82(4): 359-365.
- 40. Zhang Q, Yu Y, Lu Y, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of propofol versus barbiturates for controlling refractory status epilepticus. BMC Neurol, 2019, 19(1): 11-55.
- 41. Tasker RC, Goodkin HP, Sánchez Fernández I, et al. Refractory status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Crit Care Me, 2016, 17(10): 968-975.
- 42. van Gestel JPJ, Blussé Van Oud-Alblas HJ, Malingré M, et al. Propofol and thiopental for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology, 2005, 65(4): 591-592.
- 43. Rosati A, Ilvento L, L'Erario M, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01). BMJ Open, 2016, 6(6): e11565.
- 44. Rosati A, De Masi S, Guerrini R. Ketamine for refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review. Cns Drugs, 2018, 32(11): 997-1009.
- 45. Aky?ld?z BN, Kumanda? S. Treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus with topiramate. Child's Nervous System, 2011, 27(9): 1425-1430.
- 46. Ortiz De La Rosa JS, Ladino LD, Rodríguez PJ, et al. Efficacy of lacosamide in children and adolescents with drug-resistant epilepsy and refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review. Seizure, 2018, 56: 34-40.
- 47. Strzelczyk A, Z?llner JP, Willems LM, et al. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Systematic review of current evidence. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(6): 933-950.
- 48. Lim S, Wu T, Tseng WJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus: cohort study of 81 patients and literature review. J Neurol, 2021, 268(10): 3744-3757.
- 49. Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain, 2011, 134(10): 2802-2818.
- 50. Lai A, Outin HD, Jabot J, et al. Functional outcome of prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1).
- 51. 中華醫學會神經病學分會腦電圖與癲癇學組. 非驚厥性癲癇持續狀態的治療專家共識. 中華神經科雜志, 2013, 46(2): 133-137.
- 52. Macdonald-Laurs E, Koirala A, Britton PN, et al. CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Eur J Paediatr Neuro, 2019, 23(1): 204-213.
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《癲癇綜合征論文介紹》與《癲癇綜合征分類和定義方法及綜合征列表：ILAE疾病分類和定義特別工作組的報告》的解讀