慢性阻塞性肺疾病前期的早期識別、預測與干預措施的研究進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

陳玥 , YAO Qingmei , LI Youlun ,  WANG Dan

重慶醫科大學附屬第一醫院呼吸與危重癥醫學科（重慶 400016）;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Dan, Email: wangdan@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202311011

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Citation： YAO Qingmei, LI Youlun, WANG Dan. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病前期的早期識別、預測與干預措施的研究進展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2024, 23(7): 518-523. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202311011 Copy

1.	GOLD Report. 2023 Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD. Available from: https: //goldcopd. org/gold-reports/.
2.	Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 163(5): 1256-1276.
3.	Vestbo J, Lange P. Can GOLD Stage 0 provide information of prognostic value in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166(3): 329-332.
4.	Stavem K, Sandvik L, Erikssen J. Can global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage 0 provide prognostic information on long-term mortality in men?. Chest, 2006, 130(2): 318-325.
5.	Martinez FJ, Han MK, Allinson JP, et al. At the Root: Defining and halting progression of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(12): 1540-1551.
6.	Celli B, Fabbri L, Criner G, et al. Definition and nomenclature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: time for its revision. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(11): 1317-1325.
7.	Lindberg A, Jonsson AC, R?nmark E, et al. Ten-year cumulative incidence of COPD and risk factors for incident disease in a symptomatic cohort. Chest, 2005, 127(5): 1544-1552.
8.	Kalhan R, Dransfield MT, Colangelo LA, et al. Respiratory symptoms in young adults and future lung disease. The CARDIA Lung Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(12): 1616-1624.
9.	de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al. Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of young adults according to the presence of chronic cough and phlegm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007, 175(1): 32-39.
10.	de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al. European Community Respiratory Health Survey Study Group. An international survey of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young adults according to GOLD stages. Thorax, 2004, 59(2): 120-125.
11.	Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Venker C, et al. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk. Thorax, 2009, 64(10): 894-900.
12.	Lowe KE, Regan EA, Anzueto A, et al. COPDGene 2019: Redefining the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2019, 6(5): 384-399.
13.	Galbán CJ, Han MK, Boes JL, et al. Computed tomography-based biomarker provides unique signature for diagnosis of COPD phenotypes and disease progression. Nat Med, 2012, 18(11): 1711-1715.
14.	McDonough JE, Yuan R, Suzuki M, et al. Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365: 1567-1575.
15.	Hogg JC, Paré PD, Hackett TL. The contribution of small airway obstruction to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97: 529-552.
16.	Koo HK, Jin KN, Kim DK, et al. Association of incidental emphysema with annual lung function decline and future development of airflow limitation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016, 11: 161-166.
17.	Bhatt SP, Soler X, Wang X, et al. Association between functional small airway disease and FEV1 decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 194(2): 178-184.
18.	Thomsen LH, Shaker SB, Dirksen A, et al. Correlation between emphysema and lung function in healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2015, 2(3): 204-213.
19.	Petersen H, Sood A, Polverino F, et al. The course of lung function in middle-aged heavy smokers: incidence and time to early onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 198(11): 1449-1451.
20.	Wan ES, Fortis S, Regan EA, et al. Longitudinal phenotypes and mortality in preserved ratio impaired spirometry in the COPDGene study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 198: 1397-1405.
21.	Wijnant SRA, De Roos E, Kavousi M, et al. Trajectory and mortality of preserved ratio impaired spirometry: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55: 1901217.
22.	Harvey BG, Strulovici-Barel Y, Kaner RJ, et al. Risk of COPD with obstruction in active smokers with normal spirometry and reduced diffusion capacity. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46: 1589-1597.
23.	Bhatt SP, Bhakta NR, Wilson CG, et al. New spirometry indices for detecting mild airflow obstruction. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 17484.
24.	Barjaktarevic IZ, Buhr RG, Wang X, et al. NHLBI Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). Clinical significance of bronchodilator responsiveness evaluated by forced vital capacity in COPD: SPIROMICS cohort analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2019, 14: 2927-2938.
25.	Zimmermann SC, Tonga KO, Thamrin C. Dismantling airway disease with the use of new pulmonary function indices. Eur Respir Rev, 2019, 28: 180122.
26.	Serban KA, Pratte KA, Bowler RP. Protein Biomarkers for COPD Outcomes. Chest, 2021, 159(6): 2244-2253.
27.	Cheng DT, Kim DK, Cockayne DA, et al. Systemic soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts is a biomarker of emphysema and associated with AGER genetic variants in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(8): 948-957.
28.	Zemans RL, Jacobson S, Keene J, et al. Multiple biomarkers predict disease severity, progression and mortality in COPD. Respir Res, 2017, 18(1): 117.
29.	Miller BE, Tal-Singer R, Rennard SI, et al. Plasma fibrinogen qualification as a drug development tool in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Perspective of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Biomarker Qualification Consortium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 193(6): 607-613.
30.	Bradford E, Jacobson S, Varasteh J, et al. The value of blood cytokines and chemokines in assessing COPD. Respir Res, 2017, 18(1): 180.
31.	Ostridge K, Gove K, Paas KHW, et al. Using novel computed tomography analysis to describe the contribution and distribution of emphysema and small airways disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2019, 16(8): 990-997.
32.	Vasilescu DM, Martinez FJ, Marchetti N, et al. Noninvasive imaging biomarker identifies small airway damage in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200: 575-581.
33.	Mohamed Hoesein FA, de Jong PA, Lammers JW, et al. Airway wall thickness associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second decline and development of airflow limitation. Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(3): 644-651.
34.	Mohamed Hoesein FA, van Rikxoort E, van Ginneken B, et al. Computed tomography-quantified emphysema distribution is associated with lung function decline. Eur Respir J, 2012, 40(4): 844-850.
35.	Young AL, Bragman FJS, Rangelov B, et al. COPDGene Investigators. Disease progression modeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 201: 294-302.
36.	Agustí A, Faner R. Lung function trajectories in health and disease. Lancet Respir Med, 2019, 7: 358-364.
37.	Lange P, Celli B, Agustí A, et al. Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 2015, 373(2): 111-122.
38.	Divo MJ, Liu C, Polverino F, et al. From pre-COPD to COPD: a Simple, Low cost and easy to IMplement (SLIM) risk calculator. Eur Respir J, 2023, 62(3): 2300806.
39.	Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P. Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1996, 153(5): 1530-1535.
40.	Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers. Lancet, 2009, 374: 733-743.
41.	Hamberger ES, Halpern-Felsher B. Vaping in adolescents: epidemiology and respiratory harm. Curr Opin Pediatr, 2020, 32: 378-383.
42.	Alter P, Baker JR, Dauletbaev N, et al. Update in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202: 348-355.
43.	Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, et al. Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, part 1: the damaging effects of air pollution. Chest, 2019, 155: 409-416.
44.	Thurston GD, Balmes JR, Garcia E, et al. Outdoor air pollution and new-onset airway disease. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2020, 17(4): 387-398.
45.	Higbee DH, Granell R, Davey Smith G, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of preserved ratio impaired spirometry: a UK Biobank cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(2): 149-157.
46.	Washio Y, Sakata S, Fukuyama S, et al. Risks of mortality and airflow limitation in Japanese individuals with preserved ratio impaired spirometry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(5): 563-572.
47.	Kim J, Lee CH, Lee HY, et al. Association between comorbidities and preserved ratio impaired spirometry: using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-VI. Respiration, 2022, 101(1): 25-33.
48.	Zhou Y, Zhong NS, Li X, et al. Tiotropium in early-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(10): 923-935.
49.	Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(13): 1173-1184.
50.	Thamrin C, Martin A, Badal T, et al. Dual bronchodilator treatment for prevention of COPD in at-risk smokers. Respirology, 2022, 27(11): 983-986.
51.	Pauwels RA, L?fdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. N Engl J Med, 1999, 340: 1948-1953.
52.	Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Rabe KF. Roflumilast: a review of its use in the treatment of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016, 11: 81-90.
53.	Lipari M, Benipal H, Kale-Pradhan P. Roflumilast in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2013, 70: 2087-2095.
54.	Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev, 2015, 24: 451-461.
55.	Tse HN, Raiteri L, Wong KY, et al. High-dose N-acetylcysteine in stable COPD: the 1-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled HIACE study. Chest, 2013, 144: 106-118.
56.	Martinez FJ, Agusti A, Celli BR, et al. Treatment trials in young patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pre-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: time to move forward. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 205(3): 275-287.

1. GOLD Report. 2023 Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD. Available from: https: //goldcopd. org/gold-reports/.
2. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 163(5): 1256-1276.
3. Vestbo J, Lange P. Can GOLD Stage 0 provide information of prognostic value in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166(3): 329-332.
4. Stavem K, Sandvik L, Erikssen J. Can global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage 0 provide prognostic information on long-term mortality in men?. Chest, 2006, 130(2): 318-325.
5. Martinez FJ, Han MK, Allinson JP, et al. At the Root: Defining and halting progression of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(12): 1540-1551.
6. Celli B, Fabbri L, Criner G, et al. Definition and nomenclature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: time for its revision. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(11): 1317-1325.
7. Lindberg A, Jonsson AC, R?nmark E, et al. Ten-year cumulative incidence of COPD and risk factors for incident disease in a symptomatic cohort. Chest, 2005, 127(5): 1544-1552.
8. Kalhan R, Dransfield MT, Colangelo LA, et al. Respiratory symptoms in young adults and future lung disease. The CARDIA Lung Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(12): 1616-1624.
9. de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al. Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of young adults according to the presence of chronic cough and phlegm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007, 175(1): 32-39.
10. de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al. European Community Respiratory Health Survey Study Group. An international survey of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young adults according to GOLD stages. Thorax, 2004, 59(2): 120-125.
11. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Venker C, et al. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk. Thorax, 2009, 64(10): 894-900.
12. Lowe KE, Regan EA, Anzueto A, et al. COPDGene 2019: Redefining the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2019, 6(5): 384-399.
13. Galbán CJ, Han MK, Boes JL, et al. Computed tomography-based biomarker provides unique signature for diagnosis of COPD phenotypes and disease progression. Nat Med, 2012, 18(11): 1711-1715.
14. McDonough JE, Yuan R, Suzuki M, et al. Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365: 1567-1575.
15. Hogg JC, Paré PD, Hackett TL. The contribution of small airway obstruction to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97: 529-552.
16. Koo HK, Jin KN, Kim DK, et al. Association of incidental emphysema with annual lung function decline and future development of airflow limitation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016, 11: 161-166.
17. Bhatt SP, Soler X, Wang X, et al. Association between functional small airway disease and FEV1 decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 194(2): 178-184.
18. Thomsen LH, Shaker SB, Dirksen A, et al. Correlation between emphysema and lung function in healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 2015, 2(3): 204-213.
19. Petersen H, Sood A, Polverino F, et al. The course of lung function in middle-aged heavy smokers: incidence and time to early onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 198(11): 1449-1451.
20. Wan ES, Fortis S, Regan EA, et al. Longitudinal phenotypes and mortality in preserved ratio impaired spirometry in the COPDGene study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 198: 1397-1405.
21. Wijnant SRA, De Roos E, Kavousi M, et al. Trajectory and mortality of preserved ratio impaired spirometry: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55: 1901217.
22. Harvey BG, Strulovici-Barel Y, Kaner RJ, et al. Risk of COPD with obstruction in active smokers with normal spirometry and reduced diffusion capacity. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46: 1589-1597.
23. Bhatt SP, Bhakta NR, Wilson CG, et al. New spirometry indices for detecting mild airflow obstruction. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 17484.
24. Barjaktarevic IZ, Buhr RG, Wang X, et al. NHLBI Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). Clinical significance of bronchodilator responsiveness evaluated by forced vital capacity in COPD: SPIROMICS cohort analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2019, 14: 2927-2938.
25. Zimmermann SC, Tonga KO, Thamrin C. Dismantling airway disease with the use of new pulmonary function indices. Eur Respir Rev, 2019, 28: 180122.
26. Serban KA, Pratte KA, Bowler RP. Protein Biomarkers for COPD Outcomes. Chest, 2021, 159(6): 2244-2253.
27. Cheng DT, Kim DK, Cockayne DA, et al. Systemic soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts is a biomarker of emphysema and associated with AGER genetic variants in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(8): 948-957.
28. Zemans RL, Jacobson S, Keene J, et al. Multiple biomarkers predict disease severity, progression and mortality in COPD. Respir Res, 2017, 18(1): 117.
29. Miller BE, Tal-Singer R, Rennard SI, et al. Plasma fibrinogen qualification as a drug development tool in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Perspective of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Biomarker Qualification Consortium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 193(6): 607-613.
30. Bradford E, Jacobson S, Varasteh J, et al. The value of blood cytokines and chemokines in assessing COPD. Respir Res, 2017, 18(1): 180.
31. Ostridge K, Gove K, Paas KHW, et al. Using novel computed tomography analysis to describe the contribution and distribution of emphysema and small airways disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2019, 16(8): 990-997.
32. Vasilescu DM, Martinez FJ, Marchetti N, et al. Noninvasive imaging biomarker identifies small airway damage in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200: 575-581.
33. Mohamed Hoesein FA, de Jong PA, Lammers JW, et al. Airway wall thickness associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second decline and development of airflow limitation. Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(3): 644-651.
34. Mohamed Hoesein FA, van Rikxoort E, van Ginneken B, et al. Computed tomography-quantified emphysema distribution is associated with lung function decline. Eur Respir J, 2012, 40(4): 844-850.
35. Young AL, Bragman FJS, Rangelov B, et al. COPDGene Investigators. Disease progression modeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 201: 294-302.
36. Agustí A, Faner R. Lung function trajectories in health and disease. Lancet Respir Med, 2019, 7: 358-364.
37. Lange P, Celli B, Agustí A, et al. Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 2015, 373(2): 111-122.
38. Divo MJ, Liu C, Polverino F, et al. From pre-COPD to COPD: a Simple, Low cost and easy to IMplement (SLIM) risk calculator. Eur Respir J, 2023, 62(3): 2300806.
39. Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P. Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1996, 153(5): 1530-1535.
40. Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers. Lancet, 2009, 374: 733-743.
41. Hamberger ES, Halpern-Felsher B. Vaping in adolescents: epidemiology and respiratory harm. Curr Opin Pediatr, 2020, 32: 378-383.
42. Alter P, Baker JR, Dauletbaev N, et al. Update in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202: 348-355.
43. Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, et al. Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, part 1: the damaging effects of air pollution. Chest, 2019, 155: 409-416.
44. Thurston GD, Balmes JR, Garcia E, et al. Outdoor air pollution and new-onset airway disease. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2020, 17(4): 387-398.
45. Higbee DH, Granell R, Davey Smith G, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of preserved ratio impaired spirometry: a UK Biobank cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 2022, 10(2): 149-157.
46. Washio Y, Sakata S, Fukuyama S, et al. Risks of mortality and airflow limitation in Japanese individuals with preserved ratio impaired spirometry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(5): 563-572.
47. Kim J, Lee CH, Lee HY, et al. Association between comorbidities and preserved ratio impaired spirometry: using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-VI. Respiration, 2022, 101(1): 25-33.
48. Zhou Y, Zhong NS, Li X, et al. Tiotropium in early-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(10): 923-935.
49. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(13): 1173-1184.
50. Thamrin C, Martin A, Badal T, et al. Dual bronchodilator treatment for prevention of COPD in at-risk smokers. Respirology, 2022, 27(11): 983-986.
51. Pauwels RA, L?fdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. N Engl J Med, 1999, 340: 1948-1953.
52. Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Rabe KF. Roflumilast: a review of its use in the treatment of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016, 11: 81-90.
53. Lipari M, Benipal H, Kale-Pradhan P. Roflumilast in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2013, 70: 2087-2095.
54. Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev, 2015, 24: 451-461.
55. Tse HN, Raiteri L, Wong KY, et al. High-dose N-acetylcysteine in stable COPD: the 1-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled HIACE study. Chest, 2013, 144: 106-118.
56. Martinez FJ, Agusti A, Celli BR, et al. Treatment trials in young patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pre-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: time to move forward. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 205(3): 275-287.

Previous Article
流產衣原體致重癥肺炎一例報告
Next Article
新型冠狀病毒感染相關ARDS行體外膜氧合的生存預測研究進展

Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

慢性阻塞性肺疾病前期的早期識別、預測與干預措施的研究進展

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content