成人非結核分枝桿菌肺病治療研究進展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

杜舒曼 ¹ ,  王可 ¹ , 柯華 ²

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding?author：

王可, Email: wang2ke@126.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202210029

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Citation： 杜舒曼, 王可, 柯華. 成人非結核分枝桿菌肺病治療研究進展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2024, 23(9): 659-665. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202210029 Copy

1.	List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. https://www.bacterio.net/genus/mycobacterium.
2.	Griffith D, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott B, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. American journal of respiratory critical care medicine, 2007, 175(4): 367-416.
3.	Wolinsky E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. The American review of respiratory disease, 119(1), 107–159. 1979.
4.	Wendi K. Drummond, Kasperbauer, Shannon H. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Epidemiology and the Impact on Pulmonary and Cardiac Disease. Thoracic surgery clinics, 2019, 29(1): 59-64.
5.	非結核分枝桿菌病診斷與治療指南(2020年版). 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2021, 43(11) : 918-946.
6.	喬甫, 林吉, 李婧聞, 等. 人工心肺機熱交換水箱系統引起心臟手術患者奇美拉分枝桿菌的感染暴發. 中華醫學雜志, 2017, 97(42): 3357-3360.
7.	Tortoli E. Microbiological features and clinical relevance of new species of the genus Mycobacterium. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2014, 27(4): 727-752.
8.	Haworth C, Banks J, Capstick T, et al.British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). 2017, 72(ii1-ii64.
9.	Daley C, Iaccarino J, Lange C, et al.Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: An Official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. 2020, 71(4): 905-913.
10.	Thomson R, Armstrong J and Looke DJC. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. 2007, 131(4): 1166-1172.
11.	Hayashi T, Catanzaro A, Rao SJI, et al.Apoptosis of human monocytes and macrophages by Mycobacterium avium sonicate. 1997, 65(12): 5262-5271.
12.	Klingler K, Tchou-Wong KM, Brndli O, et al.Effects of mycobacteria on regulation of apoptosis in mononuclear phagocytes. 1997, 65(12): 5272-5278.
13.	Honda JR, Knight V and Chan ED. Pathogenesis and Risk Factors for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 2015, 36(1): 1-11.
14.	Roecklein J, Swartz R, Yeager H, et al. Nonopsonic uptake of Mycobacterium avium complex by human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. The Journal of laboratory, 1992, 119(6): 772-781.
15.	Bermudez L, Young L, Enkel H, et al. Interaction of Mycobacterium avium complex with human macrophages: roles of membrane receptors and serum proteins. Infection, 1991, 59(5): 1697-1702.
16.	Gately M, Renzetti L, Magram J, et al.The interleukin-12/interleukin-12-receptor system: role in normal and pathologic immune responses. 1998, 16(495-521.
17.	Trinchieri G, Scott PJCtim and immunology. Interleukin-12: basic principles and clinical applications. 1999, 238(57-78.
18.	Fulton S, Johnsen J, Wolf S, et al.Interleukin-12 production by human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of phagocytosis. 1996, 64(7): 2523-2531.
19.	Sousa S, Bandeira M, Carvalho P, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria pathogenesis and biofilm assembly. International journal of mycobacteriology, 2015, 4(1): 36-43.
20.	Rhoades E, Archambault A, Greendyke R, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus Glycopeptidolipids mask underlying cell wall phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides blocking induction of human macrophage TNF-alpha by preventing interaction with TLR2. Journal of immunology, 2009, 183(3): 1997-2007.
21.	Catherinot E, Roux A, Macheras E, et al. Acute respiratory failure involving an R variant of Mycobacterium abscessus. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2009, 47(1): 271-274.
22.	Sanguinetti M, Ardito F, Fiscarelli E, et al. Fatal pulmonary infection due to multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2001, 39(2): 816-819.
23.	Daley C, Iaccarino J, Lange C, et al.Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: An Official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. 2020, 71(4): e1-e36.
24.	Xu P, Yang K, Yang L, et al.Next-Generation Metagenome Sequencing Shows Superior Diagnostic Performance in Acid-Fast Staining Sputum Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13(898195.
25.	陳冉, 張鏡蘭, 吳利先. 大理白族自治州2017至2019年結核分枝桿菌藥敏試驗結果分析及空間分布特征中華檢驗醫學雜志, 2021, (44)(1064-1069.
26.	Togre NS, Vargas AM, Bhargavi G, et al.Fragment-Based Drug Discovery against Mycobacteria: The Success and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(18):.
27.	鄭璐瑤, 陸宇, 陳效友. 非結核分枝桿菌肺病治療藥物研發的現狀與挑戰中國防癆雜志, 2021, 43(729-734.
28.	Boyle D, Zembower T, Reddy S, et al. Comparison of Clinical Features, Virulence, and Relapse among Mycobacterium avium Complex Species. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015, 191(11): 1310-1317.
29.	Koh W, Jeong B, Jeon K, et al. Clinical significance of the differentiation between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in M avium complex lung disease. Chest, 2012, 142(6): 1482-1488.
30.	Koh WJ, Moon SM, Kim SY, et al. Outcomes of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease based on clinical phenotype. Eur Respir J, 2017, 50(3): 1602503.
31.	Jarand J, Davis J, Cowie R, et al. Long-term Follow-up of Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease in Patients Treated With Regimens Including Clofazimine and/or Rifampin. Chest, 2016, 149(5): 1285-1293.
32.	魏華英, 楊洋, 仵永楓, 等. 耐藥非結核分枝桿菌肺部疾病治療進展中國醫藥導報, 2020, 17: 52-55.
33.	Lam P, Griffith D, Aksamit T, et al. Factors related to response to intermittent treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. American journal of respiratory, critical care medicine, 2006, 173(11): 1283-1289.
34.	Philley JV, Wallace RJ, Jr. , Benwill JL, et al. Preliminary Results of Bedaquiline as Salvage Therapy for Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease. Chest, 2015, 148(2): 499-506.
35.	Kim D, Jhun B, Moon S, et al.In Vitro Activity of Bedaquiline and Delamanid against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Including Macrolide-Resistant Clinical Isolates. Antimicrobial agents chemotherapy, 2019, 63(8):.
36.	Alexander DC, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, et al. Emergence of mmpT5 Variants during Bedaquiline Treatment of Mycobacterium intracellulare Lung Disease. J Clin Microbiol, 2017, 55(2): 574-584.
37.	Ruth MM, Sangen JJN, Remmers K, et al. A bedaquiline/clofazimine combination regimen might add activity to the treatment of clinically relevant non-tuberculous mycobacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74(4): 935-943.
38.	Gochi M, Takayanagi N, Kanauchi T, et al. Retrospective study of the predictors of mortality and radiographic deterioration in 782 patients with nodular/bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(8): e008058.
39.	Van Ingen J, Aksamit T, Andrejak C, et al. Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement. Eur Respir J, 2018, 51(3): 1800170.
40.	嚴瑾瑜, 鄒濤, 郭健, 等. 胞內分枝桿菌肺病與堪薩斯分枝桿菌肺病臨床特征分析結核與肺部疾病雜志, 2021, 2(3) : 294-297.
41.	楊晴媛, 邢志珩, 秦中華, 等. 胞內分枝桿菌肺病CT特征: 與堪薩斯、膿腫/龜分枝桿菌肺病比較中國醫學影像技術, 2019, 35(06) : 857-861.
42.	Diel R, Ringshausen F, Richter E, et al. Microbiological and Clinical Outcomes of Treating Non-Mycobacterium Avium Complex Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest, 2017, 152(1): 120-142.
43.	Francis P, Jay S and Johanson W. The course of untreated Mycobacterium kansasii disease. The American review of respiratory disease, 1975, 111(4): 477-487.
44.	Shitrit D, Baum G, Priess R, et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection in Israel, 1999-2004: clinical features, drug susceptibility, and outcome. Chest, 2006, 129(3): 771-776.
45.	Griffith D, Brown-Elliott B, Wallace R. Thrice-weekly clarithromycin-containing regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease: results of a preliminary study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2003, 37(9): 1178-1182.
46.	Jenkins PA, Banks J, Campbell IA, et al. Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary infection: a prospective study of the results of nine months of treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol. Research Committee, British Thoracic Society. Thorax, 1994, 49(5): 442-445.
47.	Brown-Elliott B, Crist C, Mann L, et al. In vitro activity of linezolid against slowly growing nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Antimicrobial agents chemotherapy, 2003, 47(5): 1736-1738.
48.	Evans S, Colville A, Evans A, et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection: comparison of the clinical features, treatment and outcome with pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax, 1996, 51(12): 1248-1252.
49.	Stout J, Gadkowski L, Rath S, et al.Pedicure-associated rapidly growing mycobacterial infection: an endemic disease. 2011, 53(8): 787-792.
50.	Garcia DC, Sandoval-Sus J, Razzaq K, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus. BMJ Case Rep, 2013, 2013: bcr2013009597.
51.	Kaushik A, Ammerman NC, Martins O, et al. In Vitro Activity of New Tetracycline Analogs Omadacycline and Eravacycline against Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2019, 63(6): e00470-19.
52.	Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr. In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Bedaquiline against Mycobacterium abscessus Complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Jan 29;63(2): e01919-18.
53.	Pulmonary disease caused by M. malmoense in HIV negative patients: 5-yr follow-up of patients receiving standardised treatment. Eur Respir J, 2003, 21(3): 478-482.
54.	Andréjak C, Lescure FX, Pukenyte E, et al. Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infections: a multicentric retrospective study of 136 cases in north-east France. Thorax, 2009, 64(4): 291-296.
55.	Wolinsky E and Rynearson T. Mycobacteria in soil and their relation to disease-associated strains. The American review of respiratory disease, 1968, 97(6): 1032-1037.
56.	Park S, Suh GY, Chung MP, et al. Clinical significance of Mycobacterium fortuitum isolated from respiratory specimens. Respir Med, 2008, 102(3): 437-442.
57.	Treatment of nonpulmonary infections due to Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei on the basis of in vitro susceptibilities. J Infect Dis, 1985, 152(500-514.
58.	Wallace RJ, Jr. , Brown-Elliott BA, Ward SC, et al. Activities of linezolid against rapidly growing mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2001, 45(3): 764-767.
59.	Prendki V, Germaud P, Bemer P, et al. [Non tuberculous mycobacterial infections]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2008, 29(5): 370-379.
60.	Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Dedrick RM, Garlena RA, et al. Toward a Phage Cocktail for Tuberculosis: Susceptibility and Tuberculocidal Action of Mycobacteriophages against Diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains. mBio, 2021 May 20;12(3): e00973-21.
61.	Daniel C, Bhakta S. Immunobiology of tubercle bacilli and prospects of immunomodulatory drugs to tackle tuberculosis (TB) and other non-tubercular mycobacterial infections. Immunobiology, 2022, 227(3): 152224.

1. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. https://www.bacterio.net/genus/mycobacterium.
2. Griffith D, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott B, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. American journal of respiratory critical care medicine, 2007, 175(4): 367-416.
3. Wolinsky E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. The American review of respiratory disease, 119(1), 107–159. 1979.
4. Wendi K. Drummond, Kasperbauer, Shannon H. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Epidemiology and the Impact on Pulmonary and Cardiac Disease. Thoracic surgery clinics, 2019, 29(1): 59-64.
5. 非結核分枝桿菌病診斷與治療指南(2020年版). 中華結核和呼吸雜志, 2021, 43(11) : 918-946.
6. 喬甫, 林吉, 李婧聞, 等. 人工心肺機熱交換水箱系統引起心臟手術患者奇美拉分枝桿菌的感染暴發. 中華醫學雜志, 2017, 97(42): 3357-3360.
7. Tortoli E. Microbiological features and clinical relevance of new species of the genus Mycobacterium. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2014, 27(4): 727-752.
8. Haworth C, Banks J, Capstick T, et al.British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). 2017, 72(ii1-ii64.
9. Daley C, Iaccarino J, Lange C, et al.Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: An Official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. 2020, 71(4): 905-913.
10. Thomson R, Armstrong J and Looke DJC. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. 2007, 131(4): 1166-1172.
11. Hayashi T, Catanzaro A, Rao SJI, et al.Apoptosis of human monocytes and macrophages by Mycobacterium avium sonicate. 1997, 65(12): 5262-5271.
12. Klingler K, Tchou-Wong KM, Brndli O, et al.Effects of mycobacteria on regulation of apoptosis in mononuclear phagocytes. 1997, 65(12): 5272-5278.
13. Honda JR, Knight V and Chan ED. Pathogenesis and Risk Factors for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 2015, 36(1): 1-11.
14. Roecklein J, Swartz R, Yeager H, et al. Nonopsonic uptake of Mycobacterium avium complex by human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. The Journal of laboratory, 1992, 119(6): 772-781.
15. Bermudez L, Young L, Enkel H, et al. Interaction of Mycobacterium avium complex with human macrophages: roles of membrane receptors and serum proteins. Infection, 1991, 59(5): 1697-1702.
16. Gately M, Renzetti L, Magram J, et al.The interleukin-12/interleukin-12-receptor system: role in normal and pathologic immune responses. 1998, 16(495-521.
17. Trinchieri G, Scott PJCtim and immunology. Interleukin-12: basic principles and clinical applications. 1999, 238(57-78.
18. Fulton S, Johnsen J, Wolf S, et al.Interleukin-12 production by human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of phagocytosis. 1996, 64(7): 2523-2531.
19. Sousa S, Bandeira M, Carvalho P, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria pathogenesis and biofilm assembly. International journal of mycobacteriology, 2015, 4(1): 36-43.
20. Rhoades E, Archambault A, Greendyke R, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus Glycopeptidolipids mask underlying cell wall phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides blocking induction of human macrophage TNF-alpha by preventing interaction with TLR2. Journal of immunology, 2009, 183(3): 1997-2007.
21. Catherinot E, Roux A, Macheras E, et al. Acute respiratory failure involving an R variant of Mycobacterium abscessus. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2009, 47(1): 271-274.
22. Sanguinetti M, Ardito F, Fiscarelli E, et al. Fatal pulmonary infection due to multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2001, 39(2): 816-819.
23. Daley C, Iaccarino J, Lange C, et al.Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: An Official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. 2020, 71(4): e1-e36.
24. Xu P, Yang K, Yang L, et al.Next-Generation Metagenome Sequencing Shows Superior Diagnostic Performance in Acid-Fast Staining Sputum Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13(898195.
25. 陳冉, 張鏡蘭, 吳利先. 大理白族自治州2017至2019年結核分枝桿菌藥敏試驗結果分析及空間分布特征中華檢驗醫學雜志, 2021, (44)(1064-1069.
26. Togre NS, Vargas AM, Bhargavi G, et al.Fragment-Based Drug Discovery against Mycobacteria: The Success and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(18):.
27. 鄭璐瑤, 陸宇, 陳效友. 非結核分枝桿菌肺病治療藥物研發的現狀與挑戰中國防癆雜志, 2021, 43(729-734.
28. Boyle D, Zembower T, Reddy S, et al. Comparison of Clinical Features, Virulence, and Relapse among Mycobacterium avium Complex Species. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015, 191(11): 1310-1317.
29. Koh W, Jeong B, Jeon K, et al. Clinical significance of the differentiation between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in M avium complex lung disease. Chest, 2012, 142(6): 1482-1488.
30. Koh WJ, Moon SM, Kim SY, et al. Outcomes of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease based on clinical phenotype. Eur Respir J, 2017, 50(3): 1602503.
31. Jarand J, Davis J, Cowie R, et al. Long-term Follow-up of Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease in Patients Treated With Regimens Including Clofazimine and/or Rifampin. Chest, 2016, 149(5): 1285-1293.
32. 魏華英, 楊洋, 仵永楓, 等. 耐藥非結核分枝桿菌肺部疾病治療進展中國醫藥導報, 2020, 17: 52-55.
33. Lam P, Griffith D, Aksamit T, et al. Factors related to response to intermittent treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. American journal of respiratory, critical care medicine, 2006, 173(11): 1283-1289.
34. Philley JV, Wallace RJ, Jr. , Benwill JL, et al. Preliminary Results of Bedaquiline as Salvage Therapy for Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease. Chest, 2015, 148(2): 499-506.
35. Kim D, Jhun B, Moon S, et al.In Vitro Activity of Bedaquiline and Delamanid against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Including Macrolide-Resistant Clinical Isolates. Antimicrobial agents chemotherapy, 2019, 63(8):.
36. Alexander DC, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, et al. Emergence of mmpT5 Variants during Bedaquiline Treatment of Mycobacterium intracellulare Lung Disease. J Clin Microbiol, 2017, 55(2): 574-584.
37. Ruth MM, Sangen JJN, Remmers K, et al. A bedaquiline/clofazimine combination regimen might add activity to the treatment of clinically relevant non-tuberculous mycobacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74(4): 935-943.
38. Gochi M, Takayanagi N, Kanauchi T, et al. Retrospective study of the predictors of mortality and radiographic deterioration in 782 patients with nodular/bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(8): e008058.
39. Van Ingen J, Aksamit T, Andrejak C, et al. Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement. Eur Respir J, 2018, 51(3): 1800170.
40. 嚴瑾瑜, 鄒濤, 郭健, 等. 胞內分枝桿菌肺病與堪薩斯分枝桿菌肺病臨床特征分析結核與肺部疾病雜志, 2021, 2(3) : 294-297.
41. 楊晴媛, 邢志珩, 秦中華, 等. 胞內分枝桿菌肺病CT特征: 與堪薩斯、膿腫/龜分枝桿菌肺病比較中國醫學影像技術, 2019, 35(06) : 857-861.
42. Diel R, Ringshausen F, Richter E, et al. Microbiological and Clinical Outcomes of Treating Non-Mycobacterium Avium Complex Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest, 2017, 152(1): 120-142.
43. Francis P, Jay S and Johanson W. The course of untreated Mycobacterium kansasii disease. The American review of respiratory disease, 1975, 111(4): 477-487.
44. Shitrit D, Baum G, Priess R, et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection in Israel, 1999-2004: clinical features, drug susceptibility, and outcome. Chest, 2006, 129(3): 771-776.
45. Griffith D, Brown-Elliott B, Wallace R. Thrice-weekly clarithromycin-containing regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease: results of a preliminary study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2003, 37(9): 1178-1182.
46. Jenkins PA, Banks J, Campbell IA, et al. Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary infection: a prospective study of the results of nine months of treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol. Research Committee, British Thoracic Society. Thorax, 1994, 49(5): 442-445.
47. Brown-Elliott B, Crist C, Mann L, et al. In vitro activity of linezolid against slowly growing nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Antimicrobial agents chemotherapy, 2003, 47(5): 1736-1738.
48. Evans S, Colville A, Evans A, et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection: comparison of the clinical features, treatment and outcome with pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax, 1996, 51(12): 1248-1252.
49. Stout J, Gadkowski L, Rath S, et al.Pedicure-associated rapidly growing mycobacterial infection: an endemic disease. 2011, 53(8): 787-792.
50. Garcia DC, Sandoval-Sus J, Razzaq K, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus. BMJ Case Rep, 2013, 2013: bcr2013009597.
51. Kaushik A, Ammerman NC, Martins O, et al. In Vitro Activity of New Tetracycline Analogs Omadacycline and Eravacycline against Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2019, 63(6): e00470-19.
52. Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr. In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Bedaquiline against Mycobacterium abscessus Complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Jan 29;63(2): e01919-18.
53. Pulmonary disease caused by M. malmoense in HIV negative patients: 5-yr follow-up of patients receiving standardised treatment. Eur Respir J, 2003, 21(3): 478-482.
54. Andréjak C, Lescure FX, Pukenyte E, et al. Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infections: a multicentric retrospective study of 136 cases in north-east France. Thorax, 2009, 64(4): 291-296.
55. Wolinsky E and Rynearson T. Mycobacteria in soil and their relation to disease-associated strains. The American review of respiratory disease, 1968, 97(6): 1032-1037.
56. Park S, Suh GY, Chung MP, et al. Clinical significance of Mycobacterium fortuitum isolated from respiratory specimens. Respir Med, 2008, 102(3): 437-442.
57. Treatment of nonpulmonary infections due to Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei on the basis of in vitro susceptibilities. J Infect Dis, 1985, 152(500-514.
58. Wallace RJ, Jr. , Brown-Elliott BA, Ward SC, et al. Activities of linezolid against rapidly growing mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2001, 45(3): 764-767.
59. Prendki V, Germaud P, Bemer P, et al. [Non tuberculous mycobacterial infections]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2008, 29(5): 370-379.
60. Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Dedrick RM, Garlena RA, et al. Toward a Phage Cocktail for Tuberculosis: Susceptibility and Tuberculocidal Action of Mycobacteriophages against Diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains. mBio, 2021 May 20;12(3): e00973-21.
61. Daniel C, Bhakta S. Immunobiology of tubercle bacilli and prospects of immunomodulatory drugs to tackle tuberculosis (TB) and other non-tubercular mycobacterial infections. Immunobiology, 2022, 227(3): 152224.

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