The development of surgical methods for rectal cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

LI Mengqi ,  CHEN Hongsheng , WEI Jiufeng

Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

CHEN Hongsheng, Email: chs75@163.com

Keywords：

rectal cancer; surgery; history

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202010102

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the development of surgical treatment of rectal cancer.Method Reviewed the domestic and foreign literatures on surgical methods for rectal cancer.Results The first real surgery for rectal cancer was performed by LisFrance in 1826. Because the early understanding of rectal cancer and its development was not clear, the operation effect was poor, and the postoperative recurrence rate was high. It was not until 1908, when Dr. Miles proposed the classic abdominoperineal resection (APR), that the recurrence of rectal cancer improved significantly. In the 20th century, there also appeared Hartmann, Dixon, Bacon, Parks, and other sphincter-preserving operations, among which Dixon surgery was the most influential. Dixon surgery had changed the focus of rectal cancer treatment from radical APR to more sphincter-preserving surgery. With the emergence of stapler, the introduction of concepts such as total mesorectal excision (TME) and circumferric resection margins (CRM), and the promotion of laparoscopic technology, resection and anastomosis of rectal cancer had a lower location, less surgical trauma, better postoperative quality of life, and higher survival rate. Modern rectal cancer surgery was gradually developing to precision and minimally invasive. Following TME, transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) and natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) had given a new meaning to the operation of rectal cancer.Conclusions With the in-depth understanding of the occurrence, development, recurrence, and metastasis of rectal cancer, surgical methods of rectal cancer are constantly developing and improving. The introduction of new concepts and surgical procedures is accompanied by controversy and doubt, which promotes the improvement of the treatment level of rectal cancer.

Citation： LI Mengqi, CHEN Hongsheng, WEI Jiufeng. The development of surgical methods for rectal cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2021, 28(8): 1114-1120. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202010102 Copy

1.	Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2.	Galler AS, Petrelli NJ, Shakamuri SP. Rectal cancer surgery: a brief history. Surg Oncol, 2011, 20(4): 223-230.
3.	Lange MM, Rutten HJ, van de Velde CJ. One hundred years of curative surgery for rectal cancer: 1908-2008. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2009, 35(5): 456-463.
4.	Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Jacques Lisfranc 1790-1847. Observation on a cancerous condition of the rectum treated by excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 1983, 26(10): 694-695.
5.	Bebenek M. Abdominosacral amputation of the rectum for low rectal cancers: ten years of experience. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(8): 2211-2217.
6.	王濤. 保肛手術與行 Miles 術治療低位直腸癌臨床效果對比研究. 系統醫學, 2018, 3(3): 112-114.
7.	Campos FG, Habr-Gama A, Nahas SC, et al. Abdominoperineal excision: evolution of a centenary operation. Dis Colon Rectum, 2012, 55(8): 844-853.
8.	Tan SY, Furubayashi JK. The Mayo brothers (William James Mayo 1861-1939, Charles Horace Mayo 1865-1939): pioneers of group surgical practice. Singapore Med J, 2012, 53(3): 157-158.
9.	Fleshman JW, Smallwood N. Current concepts in rectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2015, 28(1): 5-11.
10.	周彤, 李利發. 低位直腸癌保肛手術的研究現狀和展望. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2019, 26(2): 236-240.
11.	Munakata S, Murai Y, Koizumi A, et al. Abdominoperineal resection for unexpected distal intramural spreading of rectal cancer. Case Rep Gastroenterol, 2018, 12(2): 297-302.
12.	Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. John Percy Lockhart-Mummery 1875-1957. Two hundred cases of cancer of the rectum treated by perineal excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 1984, 27(3): 208-219.
13.	Ruo L, Guillem JG. Major 20th-century advancements in the management of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999, 42(5): 563-578.
14.	Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Arthur Dean Bevan, 1861-1943. Carcinoma of rectum–treatment by local excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 1986, 29(12): 906-910.
15.	Kim DG, Madoff RD. Transanal treatment of rectal cancer: ablative methods and open resection. Semin Surg Oncol, 1998, 15(2): 101-113.
16.	Karamanou M, Abid L, Zografos G, et al. Henri Hartmann (1860-1952): Great master of 20th century colorectal surgery. Presse Med, 2017, 46(6 Pt 1): 620-624.
17.	Li J, Yi CH, Hu YT, et al. TNM staging of colorectal cancer should be reconsidered according to weighting of the T stage: Verification based on a 25-year follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(6): e2711.
18.	江濱. 直腸癌外科手術的過去、現在和將來. 中國腫瘤外科雜志, 2019, 11(1): 1-6.
19.	傅傳剛, 丁健華. 結腸 J 儲袋和結腸成形術應用現狀. 中華胃腸外科雜志, 2006, 9(2): 104-106.
20.	蔡振海, 林松青, 盧峰, 等. 改良結腸 J 型貯袋肛管吻合在直腸癌保肛手術中的應用. 廣東醫學, 2012, 33(6): 790-791.
21.	肖毅. 直腸癌外科手術治療的發展歷程. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2012, 19(10): 1130-1135.
22.	Prete F, Prete FP. The pull-through: back to the future. G Chir, 2013, 34(11-12): 293-301.
23.	李堅, 彭吒, 何剪太. 低位和超低位直腸癌保肛手術的現狀及進展. 中國內鏡雜志, 2018, 24(4): 77-84.
24.	Ravitch MM, Steichen FM. A stapling instrument for end-to-end inverting anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Surg, 1979, 189(6): 791-797.
25.	Morgenstern L. How the EEA came to America. Surg Innov, 2013, 20(5): 435-438.
26.	Emile SH, de Lacy FB, Keller DS, et al. Evolution of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: From top to bottom. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2018, 10(3): 28-39.
27.	Wolmark N, Fisher B. An analysis of survival and treatment failure following abdominoperineal and sphincter-saving resection in Dukes’ B and C rectal carcinoma. A report of the NSABP clinical trials. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. Ann Surg, 1986, 204(4): 480-489.
28.	Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision. Lancet, 1986, 2(8514): 996-999.
29.	唐一帆, 劉駿, 唐峰. 環周切緣對中低位直腸癌局部復發的影響. 外科理論與實踐, 2014, 19(1): 44-46.
30.	Moore HG. Importance of the circumferential resection margin. J Am Coll Surg, 2020, 230(6): 1018-1019.
31.	Hojo K, Vernava AM, Sugihara K, et al. Preservation of urine voiding and sexual function after rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum, 1991, 34(7): 532-539.
32.	Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Akasu T, et al. Nerve-sparing surgery with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. Eur J Cancer, 1995, 31A(7-8): 1229-1232.
33.	申占龍, 葉穎江, 王杉. 直腸癌全直腸系膜切除術中盆腔植物神經的易損區域及保護. 中華結直腸疾病電子雜志, 2018, 7(1): 8-11.
34.	Fang JF, Wei B, Zheng ZH, et al. Effect of intra-operative autonomic nerve stimulation on pelvic nerve preservation during radical laparoscopic proctectomy. Colorectal Dis, 2015, 17(12): O268-O276.
35.	Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Surg Laparosc Endosc, 1991, 1(3): 144-150.
36.	K?ckerling F, Gastinger I, Schneider B, et al. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the management of rectal carcinoma. Endosc Surg Allied Technol, 1993, 1(1): 16-19.
37.	中華醫學會外科學分會腹腔鏡與內鏡外科學組, 中華醫學會外科學分會結直腸外科學組, 中國醫師協會外科醫師分會結直腸外科醫師委員會, 等. 腹腔鏡結直腸癌根治術操作指南 (2018 版). 中華消化外科雜志, 2018, 17(9): 877-885.
38.	Ou H. Laparoscopic-assisted mini laparatomy with colectomy. Dis Colon Rectum, 1995, 38(3): 324-326.
39.	王錫山. NOSES 的發展歷程與合理應用. 中華普通外科學文獻(電子版), 2020, 14(2): 153.
40.	Prete FP, Pezzolla A, Prete F, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg, 2018, 267(6): 1034-1046.
41.	Silva-Velazco J, Dietz DW, Stocchi L, et al. Considering value in rectal cancer surgery: An analysis of costs and outcomes based on the open, laparoscopic, and robotic approach for proctectomy. Ann Surg, 2017, 265(5): 960-968.
42.	Huang YM, Huang YJ, Wei PL. Outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic surgery for mid and low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and the effect of learning curve. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(40): e8171.
43.	葛國祥, 高志海, 劉燁, 等. 腹腔鏡與傳統開腹結直腸癌根治術臨床療效比較. 腫瘤研究與臨床, 2017, 29(3): 184-187.
44.	Wang F, Yu Z, Zhao M, et al. Long-term outcomes of laparoscopy vs. open surgery for colorectal cancer in elderly patients: A meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol, 2017, 7(5): 771-776.
45.	Fleshman J, Branda M, Sargent DJ, et al. Effect of laparoscopic-assisted resection vs open resection of stage Ⅱ or Ⅲ rectal cancer on pathologic outcomes: The ACOSOG Z6051 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2015, 314(13): 1346-1355.
46.	Stevenson AR, Solomon MJ, Lumley JW, et al. Effect of laparoscopic-assisted resection vs open resection on pathological outcomes in rectal cancer: The ALaCaRT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2015, 314(13): 1356-1363.
47.	Hida K, Okamura R, Sakai Y, et al. Open versus laparoscopic surgery for advanced low rectal cancer: a large, multicenter, propensity score matched cohort study in Japan. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(2): 318-324.
48.	Fleshman J, Branda ME, Sargent DJ, et al. Disease-free survival and local recurrence for laparoscopic resection compared with open resection of stage Ⅱ to Ⅲ rectal cancer: Follow-up results of the ACOSOG Z6051 Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg, 2019, 269(4): 589-595.
49.	林國樂, 邱輝忠, 周皎琳, 等. 經肛門內鏡微創手術治療直腸腫瘤的臨床研究. 中國全科醫學, 2016, 19(3): 254-259.
50.	Braun J, Treutner KH, Winkeltau G, et al. Results of intersphincteric resection of the rectum with direct coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma. Am J Surg, 1992, 163(4): 407-412.
51.	何苗, 范晶, 王子衛, 等. 低位直腸癌經括約肌間切除的現狀和進展. 醫學綜述, 2015, 21(7): 1220-1222.
52.	Sylla P, Rattner DW, Delgado S, et al. NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance. Surg Endosc, 2010, 24(5): 1205-1210.
53.	Heald RJ. A new solution to some old problems: transanal TME. Tech Coloproctol, 2013, 17(3): 257-258.
54.	Marks JH, Myers EA, Zeger EL, et al. Long-term outcomes by a transanal approach to total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(12): 5248-5257.
55.	Deijen CL, Tsai A, Koedam TW, et al. Clinical outcomes and case volume effect of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a systematic review. Tech Coloproctol, 2016, 20(12): 811-824.
56.	張宏, 叢進春. 經肛全直腸系膜切除價值及爭議. 中國實用外科雜志, 2020, 40(3): 293-296.
57.	Larsen SG, Pfeffer F, K?rner H, et al. Norwegian moratorium on transanal total mesorectal excision. Br J Surg, 2019, 106(9): 1120-1121.
58.	Hol JC, van Oostendorp SE, Tuynman JB, et al. Long-term oncological results after transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal carcinoma. Tech Coloproctol, 2019, 23(9): 903-911.

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2. Galler AS, Petrelli NJ, Shakamuri SP. Rectal cancer surgery: a brief history. Surg Oncol, 2011, 20(4): 223-230.
3. Lange MM, Rutten HJ, van de Velde CJ. One hundred years of curative surgery for rectal cancer: 1908-2008. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2009, 35(5): 456-463.
4. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Jacques Lisfranc 1790-1847. Observation on a cancerous condition of the rectum treated by excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 1983, 26(10): 694-695.
5. Bebenek M. Abdominosacral amputation of the rectum for low rectal cancers: ten years of experience. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(8): 2211-2217.
6. 王濤. 保肛手術與行 Miles 術治療低位直腸癌臨床效果對比研究. 系統醫學, 2018, 3(3): 112-114.
7. Campos FG, Habr-Gama A, Nahas SC, et al. Abdominoperineal excision: evolution of a centenary operation. Dis Colon Rectum, 2012, 55(8): 844-853.
8. Tan SY, Furubayashi JK. The Mayo brothers (William James Mayo 1861-1939, Charles Horace Mayo 1865-1939): pioneers of group surgical practice. Singapore Med J, 2012, 53(3): 157-158.
9. Fleshman JW, Smallwood N. Current concepts in rectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2015, 28(1): 5-11.
10. 周彤, 李利發. 低位直腸癌保肛手術的研究現狀和展望. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2019, 26(2): 236-240.
11. Munakata S, Murai Y, Koizumi A, et al. Abdominoperineal resection for unexpected distal intramural spreading of rectal cancer. Case Rep Gastroenterol, 2018, 12(2): 297-302.
12. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. John Percy Lockhart-Mummery 1875-1957. Two hundred cases of cancer of the rectum treated by perineal excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 1984, 27(3): 208-219.
13. Ruo L, Guillem JG. Major 20th-century advancements in the management of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999, 42(5): 563-578.
14. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Arthur Dean Bevan, 1861-1943. Carcinoma of rectum–treatment by local excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 1986, 29(12): 906-910.
15. Kim DG, Madoff RD. Transanal treatment of rectal cancer: ablative methods and open resection. Semin Surg Oncol, 1998, 15(2): 101-113.
16. Karamanou M, Abid L, Zografos G, et al. Henri Hartmann (1860-1952): Great master of 20th century colorectal surgery. Presse Med, 2017, 46(6 Pt 1): 620-624.
17. Li J, Yi CH, Hu YT, et al. TNM staging of colorectal cancer should be reconsidered according to weighting of the T stage: Verification based on a 25-year follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(6): e2711.
18. 江濱. 直腸癌外科手術的過去、現在和將來. 中國腫瘤外科雜志, 2019, 11(1): 1-6.
19. 傅傳剛, 丁健華. 結腸 J 儲袋和結腸成形術應用現狀. 中華胃腸外科雜志, 2006, 9(2): 104-106.
20. 蔡振海, 林松青, 盧峰, 等. 改良結腸 J 型貯袋肛管吻合在直腸癌保肛手術中的應用. 廣東醫學, 2012, 33(6): 790-791.
21. 肖毅. 直腸癌外科手術治療的發展歷程. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2012, 19(10): 1130-1135.
22. Prete F, Prete FP. The pull-through: back to the future. G Chir, 2013, 34(11-12): 293-301.
23. 李堅, 彭吒, 何剪太. 低位和超低位直腸癌保肛手術的現狀及進展. 中國內鏡雜志, 2018, 24(4): 77-84.
24. Ravitch MM, Steichen FM. A stapling instrument for end-to-end inverting anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Surg, 1979, 189(6): 791-797.
25. Morgenstern L. How the EEA came to America. Surg Innov, 2013, 20(5): 435-438.
26. Emile SH, de Lacy FB, Keller DS, et al. Evolution of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: From top to bottom. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2018, 10(3): 28-39.
27. Wolmark N, Fisher B. An analysis of survival and treatment failure following abdominoperineal and sphincter-saving resection in Dukes’ B and C rectal carcinoma. A report of the NSABP clinical trials. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. Ann Surg, 1986, 204(4): 480-489.
28. Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision. Lancet, 1986, 2(8514): 996-999.
29. 唐一帆, 劉駿, 唐峰. 環周切緣對中低位直腸癌局部復發的影響. 外科理論與實踐, 2014, 19(1): 44-46.
30. Moore HG. Importance of the circumferential resection margin. J Am Coll Surg, 2020, 230(6): 1018-1019.
31. Hojo K, Vernava AM, Sugihara K, et al. Preservation of urine voiding and sexual function after rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum, 1991, 34(7): 532-539.
32. Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Akasu T, et al. Nerve-sparing surgery with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. Eur J Cancer, 1995, 31A(7-8): 1229-1232.
33. 申占龍, 葉穎江, 王杉. 直腸癌全直腸系膜切除術中盆腔植物神經的易損區域及保護. 中華結直腸疾病電子雜志, 2018, 7(1): 8-11.
34. Fang JF, Wei B, Zheng ZH, et al. Effect of intra-operative autonomic nerve stimulation on pelvic nerve preservation during radical laparoscopic proctectomy. Colorectal Dis, 2015, 17(12): O268-O276.
35. Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Surg Laparosc Endosc, 1991, 1(3): 144-150.
36. K?ckerling F, Gastinger I, Schneider B, et al. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the management of rectal carcinoma. Endosc Surg Allied Technol, 1993, 1(1): 16-19.
37. 中華醫學會外科學分會腹腔鏡與內鏡外科學組, 中華醫學會外科學分會結直腸外科學組, 中國醫師協會外科醫師分會結直腸外科醫師委員會, 等. 腹腔鏡結直腸癌根治術操作指南 (2018 版). 中華消化外科雜志, 2018, 17(9): 877-885.
38. Ou H. Laparoscopic-assisted mini laparatomy with colectomy. Dis Colon Rectum, 1995, 38(3): 324-326.
39. 王錫山. NOSES 的發展歷程與合理應用. 中華普通外科學文獻(電子版), 2020, 14(2): 153.
40. Prete FP, Pezzolla A, Prete F, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg, 2018, 267(6): 1034-1046.
41. Silva-Velazco J, Dietz DW, Stocchi L, et al. Considering value in rectal cancer surgery: An analysis of costs and outcomes based on the open, laparoscopic, and robotic approach for proctectomy. Ann Surg, 2017, 265(5): 960-968.
42. Huang YM, Huang YJ, Wei PL. Outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic surgery for mid and low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and the effect of learning curve. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(40): e8171.
43. 葛國祥, 高志海, 劉燁, 等. 腹腔鏡與傳統開腹結直腸癌根治術臨床療效比較. 腫瘤研究與臨床, 2017, 29(3): 184-187.
44. Wang F, Yu Z, Zhao M, et al. Long-term outcomes of laparoscopy vs. open surgery for colorectal cancer in elderly patients: A meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol, 2017, 7(5): 771-776.
45. Fleshman J, Branda M, Sargent DJ, et al. Effect of laparoscopic-assisted resection vs open resection of stage Ⅱ or Ⅲ rectal cancer on pathologic outcomes: The ACOSOG Z6051 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2015, 314(13): 1346-1355.
46. Stevenson AR, Solomon MJ, Lumley JW, et al. Effect of laparoscopic-assisted resection vs open resection on pathological outcomes in rectal cancer: The ALaCaRT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2015, 314(13): 1356-1363.
47. Hida K, Okamura R, Sakai Y, et al. Open versus laparoscopic surgery for advanced low rectal cancer: a large, multicenter, propensity score matched cohort study in Japan. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(2): 318-324.
48. Fleshman J, Branda ME, Sargent DJ, et al. Disease-free survival and local recurrence for laparoscopic resection compared with open resection of stage Ⅱ to Ⅲ rectal cancer: Follow-up results of the ACOSOG Z6051 Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg, 2019, 269(4): 589-595.
49. 林國樂, 邱輝忠, 周皎琳, 等. 經肛門內鏡微創手術治療直腸腫瘤的臨床研究. 中國全科醫學, 2016, 19(3): 254-259.
50. Braun J, Treutner KH, Winkeltau G, et al. Results of intersphincteric resection of the rectum with direct coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma. Am J Surg, 1992, 163(4): 407-412.
51. 何苗, 范晶, 王子衛, 等. 低位直腸癌經括約肌間切除的現狀和進展. 醫學綜述, 2015, 21(7): 1220-1222.
52. Sylla P, Rattner DW, Delgado S, et al. NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance. Surg Endosc, 2010, 24(5): 1205-1210.
53. Heald RJ. A new solution to some old problems: transanal TME. Tech Coloproctol, 2013, 17(3): 257-258.
54. Marks JH, Myers EA, Zeger EL, et al. Long-term outcomes by a transanal approach to total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(12): 5248-5257.
55. Deijen CL, Tsai A, Koedam TW, et al. Clinical outcomes and case volume effect of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a systematic review. Tech Coloproctol, 2016, 20(12): 811-824.
56. 張宏, 叢進春. 經肛全直腸系膜切除價值及爭議. 中國實用外科雜志, 2020, 40(3): 293-296.
57. Larsen SG, Pfeffer F, K?rner H, et al. Norwegian moratorium on transanal total mesorectal excision. Br J Surg, 2019, 106(9): 1120-1121.
58. Hol JC, van Oostendorp SE, Tuynman JB, et al. Long-term oncological results after transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal carcinoma. Tech Coloproctol, 2019, 23(9): 903-911.

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

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