膽囊癌的危險因素分析_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 王東 , 熊曉宇

北京大學人民醫院肝膽外科（北京 100044）;

Corresponding?author：

王東, Email: wangdong@pkuph.edu.cn

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201901051

Video：

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Citation： 王東, 熊曉宇. 膽囊癌的危險因素分析. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2019, 26(3): 270-275. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201901051 Copy

1.	Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
2.	劉杰, 程冷眉, 楊旭麗, 等. 2013 年中國膽囊癌發病與死亡分析. 中國腫瘤, 2018, 27(3): 161-166.
3.	Lilic N, Addison B, Hammodat H. Gallbladder carcinoma: a New Zealand centre’s 10-year experience with presentation, ethnic diversity and survival rate. ANZ J Surg, 2015, 85(4): 260-263.
4.	Duffy A, Capanu M, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Gallbladder cancer (GBC): 10-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC). J Surg Oncol, 2008, 98(7): 485-489.
5.	Lammert F, Gurusamy K, Ko CW, et al. Gallstones. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2016, 2: 16024.
6.	European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(1): 146-181.
7.	中華消化雜志編輯委員會. 中國慢性膽囊炎、膽囊結石內科診療共識意見(2014 年, 上海). 中華消化雜志, 2014, 34(12): 795-799.
8.	Shih SP, Schulick RD, Cameron JL, et al. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(6): 893-901.
9.	Cariati A, Piromalli E, Cetta F. Gallbladder cancers: associated conditions, histological types, prognosis, and prevention. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 26(5): 562-569.
10.	Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, et al. Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China. Br J Cancer, 2007, 97(11): 1577-1582.
11.	楊杰, 何群, 周軍, 等. 膽囊癌危險因素的單中心回顧性分析. 中國普通外科雜志, 2018, 27(8): 939-944.
12.	于嵐, 何小東, 武嶠, 等. 膽囊癌發生相關危險因素的探討. 中華消化外科雜志, 2012, 11(5): 433-436.
13.	Lowenfels AB, Walker AM, Althaus DP, et al. Gallstone growth, size, and risk of gallbladder cancer: an interracial study. Int J Epidemiol, 1989, 18(1): 50-54.
14.	Diehl AK. Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. JAMA, 1983, 250(17): 2323-2326.
15.	Alvi AR, Siddiqui NA, Zafar H. Risk factors of gallbladder cancer in Karachi—a case-control study. World J Surg Oncol, 2011, 9: 164.
16.	Roa I, Ibacache G, Roa J, et al. Gallstones and gallbladder cancer—volume and weight of gallstones are associated with gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. J Surg Oncol, 2006, 93(8): 624-628.
17.	Myers RP, Shaffer EA, Beck PL. Gallbladder polyps: epidemiology, natural history and management. Can J Gastroenterol, 2002, 16(3): 187-194.
18.	Hundal R, Shaffer EA. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol, 2014, 6: 99-109.
19.	中國醫師協會內鏡醫師分會內鏡微創保膽專業委員會. 內鏡微創保膽手術治療膽囊良性疾病專家共識(2018 版). 中國內鏡雜志, 2018, 24(9): 106-112.
20.	盧昊, 劉全達. 《2017 年歐洲多學會聯合指南: 膽囊息肉管理和隨訪》摘譯. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(6): 1051-1056.
21.	Aloia TA, Járufe N, Javle M, et al. Gallbladder cancer: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford), 2015, 17(8): 681-690.
22.	Sarici IS, Duzgun O. Gallbladder polypoid lesions >15 mm as indicators of T1b gallbladder cancer risk. Arab J Gastroenterol, 2017, 18(3): 156-158.
23.	Sheth S, Bedford A, Chopra S. Primary gallbladder cancer: recognition of risk factors and the role of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95(6): 1402-1410.
24.	Cairns V, Neal CP, Dennison AR, et al. Risk and cost-effectiveness of surveillance followed by cholecystectomy for gallbladder polyps. Arch Surg, 2012, 147(12): 1078-1083.
25.	Chou SC, Chen SC, Shyr YM, et al. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: analysis of 1 204 patients with long-term follow-up. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(7): 2776-2782.
26.	Ito H, Hann LE, D′Angelica M, et al. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: diagnosis and followup. J Am Coll Surg, 2009, 208(4): 570-575.
27.	孫麗萍, 徐輝雄, 劉琳娜, 等. 超聲造影在膽囊息肉樣病變鑒別診斷中的應用價值. 中華醫學超聲雜志(電子版), 2013, 10(12): 1013-1019.
28.	時美欣, 羅敏, 王秀云, 等. 超聲造影與常規超聲對膽囊息肉樣病變鑒別診斷價值的對比分析. 中華醫學超聲雜志(電子版), 2014, 10(10): 832-835.
29.	Song ER, Chung WS, Jang HY, et al. CT differentiation of 1-2-cm gallbladder polyps: benign vs malignant. Abdom Imaging, 2014, 39(2): 334-341.
30.	胡翼江, 賈迪, 徐正道, 等. 磁共振擴散加權成像在鑒別良惡性膽囊息肉樣病變中的價值. 中華醫學雜志, 2015, 95(39): 3201-3204.
31.	Nabatame N, Shirai Y, Nishimura A, et al. High risk of gallbladder carcinoma in elderly patients with segmental adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2004, 23(4): 593-598.
32.	Nishimura A, Shirai Y, Hatakeyama K. Segmental adeno-myomatosis of the gallbladder predisposes to cholecystolithiasis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2004, 11(5): 342-347.
33.	Kim JH, Jeong IH, Han JH, et al. Clinical/pathological analysis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis; type and pathogenesis. Hepatogastroenterology, 2010, 57(99-100): 420-425.
34.	Morikawa T, Okabayashi T, Shima Y, et al. Adenomyomatosis concomitant with primary gallbladder carcinoma. Acta Med Okayama, 2017, 71(2): 113-118.
35.	Nath G, Gulati AK, Shukla VK. Role of bacteria in carcinogenesis, with special reference to carcinoma of the gallbladder. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(43): 5395-5404.
36.	Li Y, Zhang J, Ma H. Chronic inflammation and gallbladder cancer. Cancer Lett, 2014, 345(2): 242-248.
37.	Polk HC Jr. Carcinoma and the calcified gall bladder. Gastroenterology, 1966, 50(4): 582-585.
38.	Ashur H, Siegal B, Oland Y, et al. Calcified ballbladder (porcelain gallbladder). Arch Surg, 1978, 113(5): 594-596.
39.	Stephen AE, Berger DL. Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder: a relationship revisited. Surgery, 2001, 129(6): 699-703.
40.	Schnelldorfer T. Porcelain gallbladder: a benign process or concern for malignancy?. J Gastrointest Surg, 2013, 17(6): 1161-1168.
41.	Cox M, Patel M, Joneja U, et al. Focal disruption in the wall of the porcelain gallbladder: a sign of gallbladder carcinoma. Intern Emerg Med, 2017, 12(6): 891-893.
42.	Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S. Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature. Arch Surg, 2011, 146(10): 1143-1147.
43.	Kumar S, Kumar S, Kumar S. Infection as a risk factor for gallbladder cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2006, 93(8): 633-639.
44.	Murphy G, Michel A, Taylor PR, et al. Association of seropositivity to Helicobacter species and biliary tract cancer in the ATBC study. Hepatology, 2014, 60(6): 1963-1971.
45.	Hassan EH, Gerges SS, El-Atrebi KA, et al. The role of H. pylori infection in gall bladder cancer: clinicopathological study. Tumour Biol, 2015, 36(9): 7093-7098.
46.	Dutta U, Garg PK, Kumar R, et al. Typhoid carriers among patients with gallstones are at increased risk for carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95(3): 784-787.
47.	Rabiee A, Levy C. Medical management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis, 2014, 3(3): 48-51.
48.	Lewis JT, Talwalkar JA, Rosen CB, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gallbladder neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: evidence for a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Am J Surg Pathol, 2007, 31(6): 907-913.
49.	Eaton JE, Thackeray EW, Lindor KD. Likelihood of malignancy in gallbladder polyps and outcomes following cholecystectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012, 107(3): 431-439.
50.	Hu B, Gong B, Zhou DY. Association of anomalous panc-reaticobiliary ductal junction with gallbladder carcinoma in Chinese patients: an ERCP study. Gastrointest Endosc, 2003, 57(4): 541-545.
51.	Kang CM, Kim KS, Choi JS, et al. Gallbladder carcinoma associated with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction. Can J Gastroenterol, 2007, 21(6): 383-387.
52.	Elnemr A, Ohta T, Kayahara M, et al. Anomalous panc-reaticobiliary ductal junction without bile duct dilatation in gallbladder cancer. Hepatogastroenterology, 2001, 48(38): 382-386.
53.	Kamisawa T, Takuma K, Anjiki H, et al. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 7(11 Suppl): S84-S88.
54.	Lazcano-Ponce EC, Miquel JF, Mu?oz N, et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin, 2001, 51(6): 349-364.
55.	Park JS, Jung WH, Kim JK, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and progesterone receptor as possible prognostic factor in radically resected gallbladder carcinoma. J Surg Res, 2009, 152(1): 104-110.
56.	Barreto SG, Haga H, Shukla PJ. Hormones and gallbladder cancer in women. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2009, 28(4): 126-130.
57.	Zatonski WA, Lowenfels AB, Boyle P, et al. Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1997, 89(15): 1132-1138.
58.	Welzel TM, Graubard BI, El-Serag HB, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population-based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 5(10): 1221-1228.
59.	Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2007, 96(9): 1457-1461.
60.	Rai A, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS. A review of association of dietary factors in gallbladder cancer. Indian J Cancer, 2004, 41(4): 147-151.
61.	Pandey M, Shukla VK. Diet and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2002, 11(4): 365-368.
62.	Serra I, Yamamoto M, Calvo A, et al. Association of chili pepper consumption, low socioeconomic status and longstanding gallstones with gallbladder cancer in a Chilean population. Int J Cancer, 2002, 102(4): 407-411.
63.	Rai A, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS. Correlates between vegetable consumption and gallbladder cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2006, 15(2): 134-137.
64.	Pandey M. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a reappraisal. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2003, 12(1): 15-24.
65.	Jain K, Sreenivas V, Velpandian T, et al. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Int J Cancer, 2013, 132(7): 1660-1666.
66.	Yagyu K, Kikuchi S, Obata Y, et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and the risk of gallbladder cancer death: a prospective cohort study in Japan. Int J Cancer, 2008, 122(4): 924-929.

1. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
2. 劉杰, 程冷眉, 楊旭麗, 等. 2013 年中國膽囊癌發病與死亡分析. 中國腫瘤, 2018, 27(3): 161-166.
3. Lilic N, Addison B, Hammodat H. Gallbladder carcinoma: a New Zealand centre’s 10-year experience with presentation, ethnic diversity and survival rate. ANZ J Surg, 2015, 85(4): 260-263.
4. Duffy A, Capanu M, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Gallbladder cancer (GBC): 10-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC). J Surg Oncol, 2008, 98(7): 485-489.
5. Lammert F, Gurusamy K, Ko CW, et al. Gallstones. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2016, 2: 16024.
6. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(1): 146-181.
7. 中華消化雜志編輯委員會. 中國慢性膽囊炎、膽囊結石內科診療共識意見(2014 年, 上海). 中華消化雜志, 2014, 34(12): 795-799.
8. Shih SP, Schulick RD, Cameron JL, et al. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(6): 893-901.
9. Cariati A, Piromalli E, Cetta F. Gallbladder cancers: associated conditions, histological types, prognosis, and prevention. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 26(5): 562-569.
10. Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, et al. Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China. Br J Cancer, 2007, 97(11): 1577-1582.
11. 楊杰, 何群, 周軍, 等. 膽囊癌危險因素的單中心回顧性分析. 中國普通外科雜志, 2018, 27(8): 939-944.
12. 于嵐, 何小東, 武嶠, 等. 膽囊癌發生相關危險因素的探討. 中華消化外科雜志, 2012, 11(5): 433-436.
13. Lowenfels AB, Walker AM, Althaus DP, et al. Gallstone growth, size, and risk of gallbladder cancer: an interracial study. Int J Epidemiol, 1989, 18(1): 50-54.
14. Diehl AK. Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. JAMA, 1983, 250(17): 2323-2326.
15. Alvi AR, Siddiqui NA, Zafar H. Risk factors of gallbladder cancer in Karachi—a case-control study. World J Surg Oncol, 2011, 9: 164.
16. Roa I, Ibacache G, Roa J, et al. Gallstones and gallbladder cancer—volume and weight of gallstones are associated with gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. J Surg Oncol, 2006, 93(8): 624-628.
17. Myers RP, Shaffer EA, Beck PL. Gallbladder polyps: epidemiology, natural history and management. Can J Gastroenterol, 2002, 16(3): 187-194.
18. Hundal R, Shaffer EA. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol, 2014, 6: 99-109.
19. 中國醫師協會內鏡醫師分會內鏡微創保膽專業委員會. 內鏡微創保膽手術治療膽囊良性疾病專家共識(2018 版). 中國內鏡雜志, 2018, 24(9): 106-112.
20. 盧昊, 劉全達. 《2017 年歐洲多學會聯合指南: 膽囊息肉管理和隨訪》摘譯. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(6): 1051-1056.
21. Aloia TA, Járufe N, Javle M, et al. Gallbladder cancer: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford), 2015, 17(8): 681-690.
22. Sarici IS, Duzgun O. Gallbladder polypoid lesions >15 mm as indicators of T1b gallbladder cancer risk. Arab J Gastroenterol, 2017, 18(3): 156-158.
23. Sheth S, Bedford A, Chopra S. Primary gallbladder cancer: recognition of risk factors and the role of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95(6): 1402-1410.
24. Cairns V, Neal CP, Dennison AR, et al. Risk and cost-effectiveness of surveillance followed by cholecystectomy for gallbladder polyps. Arch Surg, 2012, 147(12): 1078-1083.
25. Chou SC, Chen SC, Shyr YM, et al. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: analysis of 1 204 patients with long-term follow-up. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(7): 2776-2782.
26. Ito H, Hann LE, D′Angelica M, et al. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: diagnosis and followup. J Am Coll Surg, 2009, 208(4): 570-575.
27. 孫麗萍, 徐輝雄, 劉琳娜, 等. 超聲造影在膽囊息肉樣病變鑒別診斷中的應用價值. 中華醫學超聲雜志(電子版), 2013, 10(12): 1013-1019.
28. 時美欣, 羅敏, 王秀云, 等. 超聲造影與常規超聲對膽囊息肉樣病變鑒別診斷價值的對比分析. 中華醫學超聲雜志(電子版), 2014, 10(10): 832-835.
29. Song ER, Chung WS, Jang HY, et al. CT differentiation of 1-2-cm gallbladder polyps: benign vs malignant. Abdom Imaging, 2014, 39(2): 334-341.
30. 胡翼江, 賈迪, 徐正道, 等. 磁共振擴散加權成像在鑒別良惡性膽囊息肉樣病變中的價值. 中華醫學雜志, 2015, 95(39): 3201-3204.
31. Nabatame N, Shirai Y, Nishimura A, et al. High risk of gallbladder carcinoma in elderly patients with segmental adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2004, 23(4): 593-598.
32. Nishimura A, Shirai Y, Hatakeyama K. Segmental adeno-myomatosis of the gallbladder predisposes to cholecystolithiasis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2004, 11(5): 342-347.
33. Kim JH, Jeong IH, Han JH, et al. Clinical/pathological analysis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis; type and pathogenesis. Hepatogastroenterology, 2010, 57(99-100): 420-425.
34. Morikawa T, Okabayashi T, Shima Y, et al. Adenomyomatosis concomitant with primary gallbladder carcinoma. Acta Med Okayama, 2017, 71(2): 113-118.
35. Nath G, Gulati AK, Shukla VK. Role of bacteria in carcinogenesis, with special reference to carcinoma of the gallbladder. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(43): 5395-5404.
36. Li Y, Zhang J, Ma H. Chronic inflammation and gallbladder cancer. Cancer Lett, 2014, 345(2): 242-248.
37. Polk HC Jr. Carcinoma and the calcified gall bladder. Gastroenterology, 1966, 50(4): 582-585.
38. Ashur H, Siegal B, Oland Y, et al. Calcified ballbladder (porcelain gallbladder). Arch Surg, 1978, 113(5): 594-596.
39. Stephen AE, Berger DL. Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder: a relationship revisited. Surgery, 2001, 129(6): 699-703.
40. Schnelldorfer T. Porcelain gallbladder: a benign process or concern for malignancy?. J Gastrointest Surg, 2013, 17(6): 1161-1168.
41. Cox M, Patel M, Joneja U, et al. Focal disruption in the wall of the porcelain gallbladder: a sign of gallbladder carcinoma. Intern Emerg Med, 2017, 12(6): 891-893.
42. Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S. Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature. Arch Surg, 2011, 146(10): 1143-1147.
43. Kumar S, Kumar S, Kumar S. Infection as a risk factor for gallbladder cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2006, 93(8): 633-639.
44. Murphy G, Michel A, Taylor PR, et al. Association of seropositivity to Helicobacter species and biliary tract cancer in the ATBC study. Hepatology, 2014, 60(6): 1963-1971.
45. Hassan EH, Gerges SS, El-Atrebi KA, et al. The role of H. pylori infection in gall bladder cancer: clinicopathological study. Tumour Biol, 2015, 36(9): 7093-7098.
46. Dutta U, Garg PK, Kumar R, et al. Typhoid carriers among patients with gallstones are at increased risk for carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95(3): 784-787.
47. Rabiee A, Levy C. Medical management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis, 2014, 3(3): 48-51.
48. Lewis JT, Talwalkar JA, Rosen CB, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gallbladder neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: evidence for a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Am J Surg Pathol, 2007, 31(6): 907-913.
49. Eaton JE, Thackeray EW, Lindor KD. Likelihood of malignancy in gallbladder polyps and outcomes following cholecystectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012, 107(3): 431-439.
50. Hu B, Gong B, Zhou DY. Association of anomalous panc-reaticobiliary ductal junction with gallbladder carcinoma in Chinese patients: an ERCP study. Gastrointest Endosc, 2003, 57(4): 541-545.
51. Kang CM, Kim KS, Choi JS, et al. Gallbladder carcinoma associated with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction. Can J Gastroenterol, 2007, 21(6): 383-387.
52. Elnemr A, Ohta T, Kayahara M, et al. Anomalous panc-reaticobiliary ductal junction without bile duct dilatation in gallbladder cancer. Hepatogastroenterology, 2001, 48(38): 382-386.
53. Kamisawa T, Takuma K, Anjiki H, et al. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 7(11 Suppl): S84-S88.
54. Lazcano-Ponce EC, Miquel JF, Mu?oz N, et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin, 2001, 51(6): 349-364.
55. Park JS, Jung WH, Kim JK, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and progesterone receptor as possible prognostic factor in radically resected gallbladder carcinoma. J Surg Res, 2009, 152(1): 104-110.
56. Barreto SG, Haga H, Shukla PJ. Hormones and gallbladder cancer in women. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2009, 28(4): 126-130.
57. Zatonski WA, Lowenfels AB, Boyle P, et al. Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1997, 89(15): 1132-1138.
58. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, El-Serag HB, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population-based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 5(10): 1221-1228.
59. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2007, 96(9): 1457-1461.
60. Rai A, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS. A review of association of dietary factors in gallbladder cancer. Indian J Cancer, 2004, 41(4): 147-151.
61. Pandey M, Shukla VK. Diet and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2002, 11(4): 365-368.
62. Serra I, Yamamoto M, Calvo A, et al. Association of chili pepper consumption, low socioeconomic status and longstanding gallstones with gallbladder cancer in a Chilean population. Int J Cancer, 2002, 102(4): 407-411.
63. Rai A, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS. Correlates between vegetable consumption and gallbladder cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2006, 15(2): 134-137.
64. Pandey M. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a reappraisal. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2003, 12(1): 15-24.
65. Jain K, Sreenivas V, Velpandian T, et al. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Int J Cancer, 2013, 132(7): 1660-1666.
66. Yagyu K, Kikuchi S, Obata Y, et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and the risk of gallbladder cancer death: a prospective cohort study in Japan. Int J Cancer, 2008, 122(4): 924-929.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

膽囊癌的危險因素分析

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