肝移植術后并發癥的防治現狀及進展_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

王正昕 ,  欽倫秀

復旦大學附屬華山醫院外科（上海 200040）;

Corresponding?author：

欽倫秀, Email: qinlx99@vip.163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201808051

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Citation： 王正昕, 欽倫秀. 肝移植術后并發癥的防治現狀及進展. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2018, 25(9): 1025-1030. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201808051 Copy

1.	國家衛健委. 我國肝移植患者術后5年生存率已超70%. http://m.xinhuanet.com/health/2018-06/23/c_1123024593.htm.
2.	Nafady-Hego H, Elgendy H, Moghazy WE, et al. Pattern of bacterial and fungal infections in the first 3 months after pediatric living donor liver transplantation: an 11-year single-center experience. Liver Transpl, 2011, 17(8): 976-984.
3.	Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK, et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant, 2010, 10(6): 1420-1427.
4.	van Hoek B, de Rooij BJ, Verspaget HW. Risk factors for infection after liver transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2012, 26(1): 61-72.
5.	Romero FA, Razonable RR. Infections in liver transplant recipients. World J Hepatol, 2011, 3(4): 83-92.
6.	Saner FH, Olde Damink SW, Pavlakovic G, et al. Pulmonary and blood stream infections in adult living donor and cadaveric liver transplant patients. Transplantation, 2008, 85(11): 1564-1568.
7.	Vera A, Contreras F, Guevara F. Incidence and risk factors for infections after liver transplant: single-center experience at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. Transpl Infect Dis, 2011, 13(6): 608-615.
8.	林健文, 韓明, 王小平, 等. 公民身后器官捐獻肝移植術后早期細菌和真菌感染并發癥的臨床特點與危險因素分析. 中華普通外科學文獻(電子版), 2016, 10(5): 354-358.
9.	Schramm C, Bubenheim M, Adam R, et al. Primary liver transplan tation for autoimmune hepatitis: a comparative analysis of the Euro pean Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Transpl, 2010, 16(4): 461-469.
10.	臧曉青, 鐘林, 彭志海. 肝移植后感染的遺傳易感性研究. 中華臨床醫師雜志(電子版), 2013, 7(1): 238-239.
11.	Kim SI. Bacterial infection after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(20): 6211-6220.
12.	Mukhtar A, Abdelaal A, Hussein M, et al. Infection complications and pattern of bacterial resistance in living-donor liver transplan tation: a multicenter epidemiologic study in Egypt. Transplant Proc, 2014, 46(5): 1444-1447.
13.	Bert F, Larroque B, Paugam-Burtz C, et al. Pretransplant fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and infection after liver transplant, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 2012, 18(6): 908-916.
14.	Sganga G, Bianco G, Frongillo F, et al. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome. Transplant Proc, 2014, 46(7): 2314-2318.
15.	Rentz AM, Halpern MT, Bowden R. The impact of candidemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness. Clin Infect Dis, 1998, 27(4): 781-788.
16.	Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004, 170(6): 621-625.
17.	Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, et al. Epidemiology of candi daemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2004, 23(4): 317-322.
18.	Denning DW. Aspergillosis in " nonimmunocompromised” critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004, 170(6): 580-581.
19.	中華醫學會兒科學分會感染學組, 全國兒科臨床病毒感染協作組, 《中華兒科雜志》編輯委員會. 兒童巨細胞病毒性疾病診斷和防治的建議. 中華兒科雜志, 2012, 50(4): 290-292.
20.	Carmelino J, Rodrigues S, Marques HP, et al. Biliary anastomosis in liver transplantation: with or without T-tube? Acta Med Port, 2017, 30(2): 122-126.
21.	Mateo R, Cho Y, Singh G, et al. Risk factors for graft survival after liver transplantation from donation after cardiac death donors: an analysis of OPTN/UNOS data. Am J Transplant, 2006, 6(4): 791-796.
22.	Welling TH, Heidt DG, Englesbe MJ, et al. Biliary complications following liver transplantation in the model for end-stage liver disease era: effect of donor, recipient, and technical factors. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(1): 73-80.
23.	俞軍, 謝尚奮, 夏偉良, 等. 心臟死亡供者肝移植受者膽道并發癥風險因素分析. 浙江大學學報(醫學版), 2014, 43(6): 664-669.
24.	Nguyen JH, Bonatti H, Dickson RC, et al. Long-term outcomes of donation after cardiac death liver allografts from a single center. Clin Transplant, 2009, 23(2): 168-173.
25.	范曉禮, 葉啟發, 王彥峰, 等. 比較心臟死亡器官捐贈與腦死亡器官捐贈供肝肝移植預后的薈萃分析. 中華器官移植雜志, 2014, 35(2): 86-93.
26.	Kochhar G, Parungao JM, Hanouneh IA, et al. Biliary complications following liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(19): 2841-2846.
27.	Sharma S, Gurakar A, Jabbour N. Biliary strictures following liver transplantation: past, present and preventive strategies. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(6): 759-769.
28.	Kitazono MT, Qayyum A, Yeh BM, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiography of biliary strictures after liver transplantation: a prospective double-blind study. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2007, 25(6): 1168-1173.
29.	Kyoden Y, Tamura S, Sugawara Y, et al. Incidence and manage ment of biliary complications after adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant, 2010, 24(4): 535-542.
30.	Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Hashimoto D. Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome. Transpl Int, 2011, 24(4): 379-392.
31.	Graziadei IW, Schwaighofer H, Koch R, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2006, 12(5): 718-725.
32.	Londo?o MC, Balderramo D, Cárdenas A. Management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: the role of endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol, 2008, 14(4): 493-497.
33.	Faleschini G, Vadalà di Prampero SF, Bulajic M, et al. Predictors of endoscopic treatment outcome in the management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 27(2): 150-154.
34.	Shaked A. Use of T tube in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg, 1997, 3(5 Suppl 1): S22-S23.
35.	Wojcicki M, Lubikowski J, Klek R, et al. Reduction of biliary complication rate using continuous suture and no biliary drainage for duct-to-duct anastomosis in whole-organ liver transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2009, 41(8): 3126-3130.
36.	Wang SH, Lin PY, Wang JY, et al. Predictors of biliary leakage after T-tube removal in living donor liver transplantation recipients. Transplant Proc, 2015, 47(8): 2488-2492.
37.	Riediger C, Muller MW, Michalski CW, et al. T-Tube or no T-tube in the reconstruction of the biliary tract during orthotopic liver transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl, 2010, 16(6): 705-717.
38.	Choudhary NS, Saigal S, Bansal RK, et al. Acute and chronic rejection after liver transplantation: what a clinician needs to know. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2017, 7(4): 358-366.
39.	Dogan N, Hüsing-Kabar A, Schmidt HH, et al. Acute allograft rejection in liver transplant recipients: Incidence, risk factors, treatment success, and impact on graft failure. J Int Med Res, 2018, Jan 1: 300060518785543.
40.	Wang YC, Wu TJ, Wu TH, et al. The risk factors to predict acute rejec tion in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2012, 44(2): 526-528.
41.	Hori T, Egawa H, Uemoto S. Antibody-mediated rejection after adult living-donor liver transplantation triggered by positive lymphocyte cross-match combination. Ann Gastroenterol, 2012, 25(1): 66-72.
42.	Kovandova B, Slavcev A, Sekerkova Z, et al. Antibody-mediated rejection after liver transplantation-relevance of C1q and C3d-binding antibodies. HLA, 2018, Jul 27.
43.	Gierej B, Kobryń K, Gierej P, et al. C4d in acute rejection after liver transplantation and its usefulness in differential diagnosis between acute liver rejection and hepatitis C recurrence. Ann Transplant, 2014, 19: 373-381.
44.	Choudhary NS, Saraf N, Saigal S, et al. Revisiting chronic rejection following living donor liver transplantation in the tacrolimus era: A single center experience. Clin Transplant, 2018, 32(2).
45.	周靜, 張娜娜, 張一望, 等. 肝移植慢性排斥反應組織病理學特點分析. 實用器官移植電子雜志, 2017, 5(6): 425-428.
46.	叢文銘. 肝移植術后常見病變的病理診斷與分級指南(Ⅰ). 實用器官移植電子雜志, 2014, 2(5): 262-265.
47.	No authors listed. Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document. Hepatology, 1997, 25(3): 658-663.
48.	Choudhary NS, Saigal S, Shukla R, et al. Current status of immunosuppression in liver transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2013, 3(2): 150-158.
49.	Yang Y, Zhao JC, Yan LN, et al. Risk factors associated with early and late HAT after adult liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(30): 10545-10552.
50.	Zahr Eldeen F, Roll GR, Derosas C, et al. Preoperative thromboelastography as a sensitive tool predicting those at risk of developing early hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2016, 100(11): 2382-2390.
51.	Voulgarelis S, Vitola B, Lerret SM, et al. Perioperative anticoagulation practices for pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant, 2018, 22(4): e13193.
52.	Mourad MM, Liossis C, Gunson BK, et al. Etiology and manage ment of hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2014, 20(6): 713-723.
53.	Pareja E, Cortes M, Navarro R, et al. Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(8): 2970-2972.
54.	Goel A, Mehta N, Guy J, et al. Hepatic artery and biliary complica tions in liver transplant recipients undergoing pretransplant trans arterial chemoembolization. Liver Transpl, 2014, 20(10): 1221-1228.
55.	Hamby BA, Ramirez DE, Loss GE, et al. Endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation. J Vasc Surg, 2013, 57(4): 1067-1072.
56.	Reiter DA, Fischman AM, Shy BD. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture: a case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med, 2013, 44(1): 100-103.
57.	Heffron TG, Pillen T, Smallwood G, et al. Incidence, impact, and treatment of portal and hepatic venous complications following pediatric liver transplantation: a single-center 12 year experience. Pediatr Transplant, 2010, 14(6): 722-729.
58.	Diamond IR, Fecteau A, Millis JM, et al. Impact of graft type on out come in pediatric liver transplantation: a report From Studies of Pedia tric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT). Ann Surg, 2007, 246(2): 301-310.
59.	Moon JI, Jung GO, Choi GS, et al. Risk factors for portal vein complications after pediatric living donor liver transplantation with left-sided grafts. Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(3): 871-875.
60.	Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Tamura S, et al. Portal vein recon struction in adult living donor liver transplantation using cryopreserved vein grafts. Liver Transpl, 2006, 12(8): 1233-1236.
61.	Kensinger CD, Sexton KW, Baron CM, et al. Management of portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation with a combined open and endovascular approach. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(1): 132-134.
62.	Kim JM, Kim KM, Yi NJ, et al. Pediatric liver transplantation outcomes in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 2013, 28(1): 42-47.
63.	Chang WT, Kuo YT, Lee KT, et al. The value of primary vascular stents in management of early portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2016, 32(3): 128-134.
64.	Chu HH, Yi NJ, Kim HC, et al. Longterm outcomes of stent placement for hepatic venous outflow obstruction in adult liver transplantation recipients. Liver Transpl, 2016, 22(11): 1554-1561.
65.	Wang SL, Sze DY, Busque S, et al. Treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback liver transplantation. Radiology, 2005, 236(1): 352-359.

1. 國家衛健委. 我國肝移植患者術后5年生存率已超70%. http://m.xinhuanet.com/health/2018-06/23/c_1123024593.htm.
2. Nafady-Hego H, Elgendy H, Moghazy WE, et al. Pattern of bacterial and fungal infections in the first 3 months after pediatric living donor liver transplantation: an 11-year single-center experience. Liver Transpl, 2011, 17(8): 976-984.
3. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK, et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant, 2010, 10(6): 1420-1427.
4. van Hoek B, de Rooij BJ, Verspaget HW. Risk factors for infection after liver transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2012, 26(1): 61-72.
5. Romero FA, Razonable RR. Infections in liver transplant recipients. World J Hepatol, 2011, 3(4): 83-92.
6. Saner FH, Olde Damink SW, Pavlakovic G, et al. Pulmonary and blood stream infections in adult living donor and cadaveric liver transplant patients. Transplantation, 2008, 85(11): 1564-1568.
7. Vera A, Contreras F, Guevara F. Incidence and risk factors for infections after liver transplant: single-center experience at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. Transpl Infect Dis, 2011, 13(6): 608-615.
8. 林健文, 韓明, 王小平, 等. 公民身后器官捐獻肝移植術后早期細菌和真菌感染并發癥的臨床特點與危險因素分析. 中華普通外科學文獻(電子版), 2016, 10(5): 354-358.
9. Schramm C, Bubenheim M, Adam R, et al. Primary liver transplan tation for autoimmune hepatitis: a comparative analysis of the Euro pean Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Transpl, 2010, 16(4): 461-469.
10. 臧曉青, 鐘林, 彭志海. 肝移植后感染的遺傳易感性研究. 中華臨床醫師雜志(電子版), 2013, 7(1): 238-239.
11. Kim SI. Bacterial infection after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(20): 6211-6220.
12. Mukhtar A, Abdelaal A, Hussein M, et al. Infection complications and pattern of bacterial resistance in living-donor liver transplan tation: a multicenter epidemiologic study in Egypt. Transplant Proc, 2014, 46(5): 1444-1447.
13. Bert F, Larroque B, Paugam-Burtz C, et al. Pretransplant fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and infection after liver transplant, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 2012, 18(6): 908-916.
14. Sganga G, Bianco G, Frongillo F, et al. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome. Transplant Proc, 2014, 46(7): 2314-2318.
15. Rentz AM, Halpern MT, Bowden R. The impact of candidemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness. Clin Infect Dis, 1998, 27(4): 781-788.
16. Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004, 170(6): 621-625.
17. Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, et al. Epidemiology of candi daemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2004, 23(4): 317-322.
18. Denning DW. Aspergillosis in " nonimmunocompromised” critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004, 170(6): 580-581.
19. 中華醫學會兒科學分會感染學組, 全國兒科臨床病毒感染協作組, 《中華兒科雜志》編輯委員會. 兒童巨細胞病毒性疾病診斷和防治的建議. 中華兒科雜志, 2012, 50(4): 290-292.
20. Carmelino J, Rodrigues S, Marques HP, et al. Biliary anastomosis in liver transplantation: with or without T-tube? Acta Med Port, 2017, 30(2): 122-126.
21. Mateo R, Cho Y, Singh G, et al. Risk factors for graft survival after liver transplantation from donation after cardiac death donors: an analysis of OPTN/UNOS data. Am J Transplant, 2006, 6(4): 791-796.
22. Welling TH, Heidt DG, Englesbe MJ, et al. Biliary complications following liver transplantation in the model for end-stage liver disease era: effect of donor, recipient, and technical factors. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(1): 73-80.
23. 俞軍, 謝尚奮, 夏偉良, 等. 心臟死亡供者肝移植受者膽道并發癥風險因素分析. 浙江大學學報(醫學版), 2014, 43(6): 664-669.
24. Nguyen JH, Bonatti H, Dickson RC, et al. Long-term outcomes of donation after cardiac death liver allografts from a single center. Clin Transplant, 2009, 23(2): 168-173.
25. 范曉禮, 葉啟發, 王彥峰, 等. 比較心臟死亡器官捐贈與腦死亡器官捐贈供肝肝移植預后的薈萃分析. 中華器官移植雜志, 2014, 35(2): 86-93.
26. Kochhar G, Parungao JM, Hanouneh IA, et al. Biliary complications following liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(19): 2841-2846.
27. Sharma S, Gurakar A, Jabbour N. Biliary strictures following liver transplantation: past, present and preventive strategies. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(6): 759-769.
28. Kitazono MT, Qayyum A, Yeh BM, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiography of biliary strictures after liver transplantation: a prospective double-blind study. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2007, 25(6): 1168-1173.
29. Kyoden Y, Tamura S, Sugawara Y, et al. Incidence and manage ment of biliary complications after adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant, 2010, 24(4): 535-542.
30. Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Hashimoto D. Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome. Transpl Int, 2011, 24(4): 379-392.
31. Graziadei IW, Schwaighofer H, Koch R, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2006, 12(5): 718-725.
32. Londo?o MC, Balderramo D, Cárdenas A. Management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: the role of endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol, 2008, 14(4): 493-497.
33. Faleschini G, Vadalà di Prampero SF, Bulajic M, et al. Predictors of endoscopic treatment outcome in the management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 27(2): 150-154.
34. Shaked A. Use of T tube in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg, 1997, 3(5 Suppl 1): S22-S23.
35. Wojcicki M, Lubikowski J, Klek R, et al. Reduction of biliary complication rate using continuous suture and no biliary drainage for duct-to-duct anastomosis in whole-organ liver transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2009, 41(8): 3126-3130.
36. Wang SH, Lin PY, Wang JY, et al. Predictors of biliary leakage after T-tube removal in living donor liver transplantation recipients. Transplant Proc, 2015, 47(8): 2488-2492.
37. Riediger C, Muller MW, Michalski CW, et al. T-Tube or no T-tube in the reconstruction of the biliary tract during orthotopic liver transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl, 2010, 16(6): 705-717.
38. Choudhary NS, Saigal S, Bansal RK, et al. Acute and chronic rejection after liver transplantation: what a clinician needs to know. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2017, 7(4): 358-366.
39. Dogan N, Hüsing-Kabar A, Schmidt HH, et al. Acute allograft rejection in liver transplant recipients: Incidence, risk factors, treatment success, and impact on graft failure. J Int Med Res, 2018, Jan 1: 300060518785543.
40. Wang YC, Wu TJ, Wu TH, et al. The risk factors to predict acute rejec tion in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2012, 44(2): 526-528.
41. Hori T, Egawa H, Uemoto S. Antibody-mediated rejection after adult living-donor liver transplantation triggered by positive lymphocyte cross-match combination. Ann Gastroenterol, 2012, 25(1): 66-72.
42. Kovandova B, Slavcev A, Sekerkova Z, et al. Antibody-mediated rejection after liver transplantation-relevance of C1q and C3d-binding antibodies. HLA, 2018, Jul 27.
43. Gierej B, Kobryń K, Gierej P, et al. C4d in acute rejection after liver transplantation and its usefulness in differential diagnosis between acute liver rejection and hepatitis C recurrence. Ann Transplant, 2014, 19: 373-381.
44. Choudhary NS, Saraf N, Saigal S, et al. Revisiting chronic rejection following living donor liver transplantation in the tacrolimus era: A single center experience. Clin Transplant, 2018, 32(2).
45. 周靜, 張娜娜, 張一望, 等. 肝移植慢性排斥反應組織病理學特點分析. 實用器官移植電子雜志, 2017, 5(6): 425-428.
46. 叢文銘. 肝移植術后常見病變的病理診斷與分級指南(Ⅰ). 實用器官移植電子雜志, 2014, 2(5): 262-265.
47. No authors listed. Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document. Hepatology, 1997, 25(3): 658-663.
48. Choudhary NS, Saigal S, Shukla R, et al. Current status of immunosuppression in liver transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2013, 3(2): 150-158.
49. Yang Y, Zhao JC, Yan LN, et al. Risk factors associated with early and late HAT after adult liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(30): 10545-10552.
50. Zahr Eldeen F, Roll GR, Derosas C, et al. Preoperative thromboelastography as a sensitive tool predicting those at risk of developing early hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2016, 100(11): 2382-2390.
51. Voulgarelis S, Vitola B, Lerret SM, et al. Perioperative anticoagulation practices for pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant, 2018, 22(4): e13193.
52. Mourad MM, Liossis C, Gunson BK, et al. Etiology and manage ment of hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2014, 20(6): 713-723.
53. Pareja E, Cortes M, Navarro R, et al. Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(8): 2970-2972.
54. Goel A, Mehta N, Guy J, et al. Hepatic artery and biliary complica tions in liver transplant recipients undergoing pretransplant trans arterial chemoembolization. Liver Transpl, 2014, 20(10): 1221-1228.
55. Hamby BA, Ramirez DE, Loss GE, et al. Endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation. J Vasc Surg, 2013, 57(4): 1067-1072.
56. Reiter DA, Fischman AM, Shy BD. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture: a case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med, 2013, 44(1): 100-103.
57. Heffron TG, Pillen T, Smallwood G, et al. Incidence, impact, and treatment of portal and hepatic venous complications following pediatric liver transplantation: a single-center 12 year experience. Pediatr Transplant, 2010, 14(6): 722-729.
58. Diamond IR, Fecteau A, Millis JM, et al. Impact of graft type on out come in pediatric liver transplantation: a report From Studies of Pedia tric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT). Ann Surg, 2007, 246(2): 301-310.
59. Moon JI, Jung GO, Choi GS, et al. Risk factors for portal vein complications after pediatric living donor liver transplantation with left-sided grafts. Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(3): 871-875.
60. Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Tamura S, et al. Portal vein recon struction in adult living donor liver transplantation using cryopreserved vein grafts. Liver Transpl, 2006, 12(8): 1233-1236.
61. Kensinger CD, Sexton KW, Baron CM, et al. Management of portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation with a combined open and endovascular approach. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(1): 132-134.
62. Kim JM, Kim KM, Yi NJ, et al. Pediatric liver transplantation outcomes in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 2013, 28(1): 42-47.
63. Chang WT, Kuo YT, Lee KT, et al. The value of primary vascular stents in management of early portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2016, 32(3): 128-134.
64. Chu HH, Yi NJ, Kim HC, et al. Longterm outcomes of stent placement for hepatic venous outflow obstruction in adult liver transplantation recipients. Liver Transpl, 2016, 22(11): 1554-1561.
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