Evolution and interpretation of diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

QING Hongkun ¹ , WANG Weiteng ² ,  JIAN Xuhua ¹

1. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, P. R. China;
2. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

JIAN Xuhua, Email: jianxuhua@gdph.org.cn

Keywords：

Infective endocarditis; diagnostic criteria; modified Duke criteria; 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202403049

Video：

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a potentially fatal disease. Although pathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of IE, only a small number of patients undergo this examination. The clinical diagnosis of IE still mainly relies on its clinical symptoms. However, the systemic manifestations of IE are diverse and often non-cardiac specific, which poses a great challenge to diagnosis. Based on the clinical presentations, imaging characteristics, and etiological data of IE, experts at home and abroad have developed a variety of diagnostic tools. Over the past thirty years, there have been significant changes in the microbiological and epidemiological characteristics of IE, and at the same time, the advancement of imaging and laboratory diagnostic technologies has also had an important impact on diagnostic methods, leading to the continuous evolution of diagnostic criteria and tools. This article reviews and interprets the main diagnostic criteria for IE, analyzes its development history, current changes, and efficacy, aiming to provide a perspective on the historical evolution of diagnostic tools and to offer prospects for future research directions.

1.	Dayer MJ, Quintero-Martinez JA, Thornhill MH, et al. Recent insights into native valve infective endocarditis: JACC Focus Seminar 4/4. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(15): 1431-1443.
2.	Cuervo G, Quintana E, Regueiro A, et al. The clinical challenge of prosthetic valve endocarditis: JACC Focus Seminar 3/4. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(15): 1418-1430.
3.	Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(39): 3222-3232.
4.	Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, et al. 2016 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Executive summary. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 153(6): 1241-1258.
5.	de Leau MM, Kuipers RS. Cardiovascular complications of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia. BMJ Case Rep, 2021, 14(4): e240341.
6.	Erdem H, Baymakova M, Alkan S, et al. Classical fever of unknown origin in 21 countries with different economic development: an international ID-IRI study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2023, 42(4): 387-398.
7.	Zmaili M, Alzubi J, Lo Presti Vega S, et al. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis: A state-of-the-art contemporary review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2022, 74: 99-110.
8.	Venepally NR, Arsanjani R, Agasthi P, et al. A new insight into nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: A systematic review of cases. Anatol J Cardiol, 2022, 26(10): 743-749.
9.	Alfatlawi H, Alharbi A, Shah M, et al. The impact of Libman-sacks endocarditis on inpatient outcomes with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective study. Lupus, 2024, 33(7): 693-699.
10.	Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J, 2023, 44(39): 3948-4042.
11.	Von Reyn CF, Levy BS, Arbeit RD, et al. Infective endocarditis: an analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med, 1981, 94(4 pt 1): 505-518.
12.	Pelletier LL Jr, Petersdorf RG. Infective endocarditis: A review of 125 cases from the University of Washington Hospitals, 1963-72. Medicine, 1977, 56(4): 287-313.
13.	Tissières P, Gervaix A, Beghetti M, et al. Value and limitations of the von Reyn, Duke, and modified Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children. Pediatrics, 2003, 112(6 Pt 1): e467.
14.	Hoen B, Selton-Suty C, Danchin N, et al. Evaluation of the Duke criteria versus the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 1995, 21(4): 905-909.
15.	錢杰, 高潤霖, 熊長明, 等. 感染性心內膜炎93例臨床分析及兩種國際診斷標準的比較. 中華心血管病雜志, 2003, 31(10): 27-30.Qian J, Gao RL, Xiong CM, et al. Clinical analysis of 93 cases of pathologically confirned infective endocarditis and comparisonbetween two international diagnostie criteria. Chin J Cardiol, 2003, 31(10): 27-30.
16.	Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med, 1994, 96(3): 200-209.
17.	Stockheim JA, Chadwick EG, Kessler S, et al. Are the Duke criteria superior to the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children? Clin Infect Dis, 1998, 27(6): 1451-1456.
18.	Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2000, 30(4): 633-638.
19.	Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, et al. Abscess in infective endocarditis: the value of transesophageal echocardiography and outcome: A 5-year study. Am Heart J, 2007, 154(5): 923-928.
20.	陳凡, 錢志勇, 彭志勇, 等. 感染性心內膜炎兩種診斷標準的比較研究. 中國現代醫學雜志. 2010, 20(1): 69-72.Chen F, Qian ZY, Peng ZY, et al. A comparative study of two diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. Chin J Mod Med, 2010, 20(1): 69-72.
21.	王國華, 吳弘, 秦永文, 等. 中國標準和Duke標準診斷感染性心內膜炎比較研究中國心血管病研究. 2007, 5(7): 481-484.Wang GH, Wu H, Qin YW, et al. Comparing the diagnostic value of the Chinese criteria and the Duke criteria for infective endocarditis in medical pract. Chin J Cardiovasc Rew, 2007, 5(7): 481-484.
22.	Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(44): 3075-3128.
23.	Fowler VG, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: Updating the modified duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis, 2023, 77(4): 518-526.
24.	Chen H, Yin Y, Gao H, et al. Clinical utility of in-house metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections and analysis of the host immune response. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(Suppl 4): S416-S426.
25.	Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Monney P, Frank M, et al. Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-international society of cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria in a multicenter cohort of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 949-955.
26.	Lindberg H, Berge A, Jovanovic-Stjernqvist M, et al. Performance of the 2023 Duke-international society of cardiovascular infectious diseases diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis in relation to the modified duke criteria and to clinical management-reanalysis of retrospective bacteremia cohorts. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 956-963.
27.	Goehringer F, Lalloué B, Selton-Suty C, et al. Compared performance of the 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases, 2000 modified Duke, and 2015 European Society of Cardiology criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in a French multicenter prospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 937-948.
28.	van der Vaart TW, Bossuyt PMM, Durack DT, et al. External validation of the 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 922-929.
29.	Spaleniak S, Lubas A, Kade G et al. Infective endocarditis in chronic hemodialysis patients is it still a growing clinical challenge? Polski merkuriusz lekarski: Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2019, 46(272): 64-67.
30.	Sadeghi M, Behdad S, Shahsanaei F. Infective endocarditis and its short and long-term prognosis in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2021, 46(3): 100680.
31.	Thornhill MH, Gibson TB, Yoon F, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis before invasive dental procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2022, 80(11): 1029-1041.
32.	Cecchi E, Parrini I, Chinaglia A, et al. New diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. A study of sensitivity and specificity. Eur Heart J, 1997, 18(7): 1149-1156.
33.	Habib G, Derumeaux G, Avierinos JF, et al. Value and limitations of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999, 33(7): 2023-2029.
34.	Philip M, Tessonier L, Mancini J, et al. Comparison between ESC and Duke criteria for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 13(12): 2605-2615.
35.	Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Monney P, Frank M, et al. Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-ISCVID and 2023 Duke-ESC clinical criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in a multicenter cohort of patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(3): 655-662.
36.	Moisset H, Rio J, Benhard J, et al. Evaluation of the specificity of the 2023 Duke-international society of cardiovascular infectious diseases classification for infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 930-936.

1. Dayer MJ, Quintero-Martinez JA, Thornhill MH, et al. Recent insights into native valve infective endocarditis: JACC Focus Seminar 4/4. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(15): 1431-1443.
2. Cuervo G, Quintana E, Regueiro A, et al. The clinical challenge of prosthetic valve endocarditis: JACC Focus Seminar 3/4. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(15): 1418-1430.
3. Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(39): 3222-3232.
4. Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, et al. 2016 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Executive summary. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 153(6): 1241-1258.
5. de Leau MM, Kuipers RS. Cardiovascular complications of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia. BMJ Case Rep, 2021, 14(4): e240341.
6. Erdem H, Baymakova M, Alkan S, et al. Classical fever of unknown origin in 21 countries with different economic development: an international ID-IRI study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2023, 42(4): 387-398.
7. Zmaili M, Alzubi J, Lo Presti Vega S, et al. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis: A state-of-the-art contemporary review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2022, 74: 99-110.
8. Venepally NR, Arsanjani R, Agasthi P, et al. A new insight into nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: A systematic review of cases. Anatol J Cardiol, 2022, 26(10): 743-749.
9. Alfatlawi H, Alharbi A, Shah M, et al. The impact of Libman-sacks endocarditis on inpatient outcomes with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective study. Lupus, 2024, 33(7): 693-699.
10. Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J, 2023, 44(39): 3948-4042.
11. Von Reyn CF, Levy BS, Arbeit RD, et al. Infective endocarditis: an analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med, 1981, 94(4 pt 1): 505-518.
12. Pelletier LL Jr, Petersdorf RG. Infective endocarditis: A review of 125 cases from the University of Washington Hospitals, 1963-72. Medicine, 1977, 56(4): 287-313.
13. Tissières P, Gervaix A, Beghetti M, et al. Value and limitations of the von Reyn, Duke, and modified Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children. Pediatrics, 2003, 112(6 Pt 1): e467.
14. Hoen B, Selton-Suty C, Danchin N, et al. Evaluation of the Duke criteria versus the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 1995, 21(4): 905-909.
15. 錢杰, 高潤霖, 熊長明, 等. 感染性心內膜炎93例臨床分析及兩種國際診斷標準的比較. 中華心血管病雜志, 2003, 31(10): 27-30.Qian J, Gao RL, Xiong CM, et al. Clinical analysis of 93 cases of pathologically confirned infective endocarditis and comparisonbetween two international diagnostie criteria. Chin J Cardiol, 2003, 31(10): 27-30.
16. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med, 1994, 96(3): 200-209.
17. Stockheim JA, Chadwick EG, Kessler S, et al. Are the Duke criteria superior to the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children? Clin Infect Dis, 1998, 27(6): 1451-1456.
18. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2000, 30(4): 633-638.
19. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, et al. Abscess in infective endocarditis: the value of transesophageal echocardiography and outcome: A 5-year study. Am Heart J, 2007, 154(5): 923-928.
20. 陳凡, 錢志勇, 彭志勇, 等. 感染性心內膜炎兩種診斷標準的比較研究. 中國現代醫學雜志. 2010, 20(1): 69-72.Chen F, Qian ZY, Peng ZY, et al. A comparative study of two diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. Chin J Mod Med, 2010, 20(1): 69-72.
21. 王國華, 吳弘, 秦永文, 等. 中國標準和Duke標準診斷感染性心內膜炎比較研究中國心血管病研究. 2007, 5(7): 481-484.Wang GH, Wu H, Qin YW, et al. Comparing the diagnostic value of the Chinese criteria and the Duke criteria for infective endocarditis in medical pract. Chin J Cardiovasc Rew, 2007, 5(7): 481-484.
22. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(44): 3075-3128.
23. Fowler VG, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: Updating the modified duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis, 2023, 77(4): 518-526.
24. Chen H, Yin Y, Gao H, et al. Clinical utility of in-house metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections and analysis of the host immune response. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(Suppl 4): S416-S426.
25. Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Monney P, Frank M, et al. Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-international society of cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria in a multicenter cohort of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 949-955.
26. Lindberg H, Berge A, Jovanovic-Stjernqvist M, et al. Performance of the 2023 Duke-international society of cardiovascular infectious diseases diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis in relation to the modified duke criteria and to clinical management-reanalysis of retrospective bacteremia cohorts. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 956-963.
27. Goehringer F, Lalloué B, Selton-Suty C, et al. Compared performance of the 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases, 2000 modified Duke, and 2015 European Society of Cardiology criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in a French multicenter prospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 937-948.
28. van der Vaart TW, Bossuyt PMM, Durack DT, et al. External validation of the 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 922-929.
29. Spaleniak S, Lubas A, Kade G et al. Infective endocarditis in chronic hemodialysis patients is it still a growing clinical challenge? Polski merkuriusz lekarski: Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2019, 46(272): 64-67.
30. Sadeghi M, Behdad S, Shahsanaei F. Infective endocarditis and its short and long-term prognosis in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2021, 46(3): 100680.
31. Thornhill MH, Gibson TB, Yoon F, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis before invasive dental procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2022, 80(11): 1029-1041.
32. Cecchi E, Parrini I, Chinaglia A, et al. New diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. A study of sensitivity and specificity. Eur Heart J, 1997, 18(7): 1149-1156.
33. Habib G, Derumeaux G, Avierinos JF, et al. Value and limitations of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999, 33(7): 2023-2029.
34. Philip M, Tessonier L, Mancini J, et al. Comparison between ESC and Duke criteria for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 13(12): 2605-2615.
35. Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Monney P, Frank M, et al. Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-ISCVID and 2023 Duke-ESC clinical criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in a multicenter cohort of patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(3): 655-662.
36. Moisset H, Rio J, Benhard J, et al. Evaluation of the specificity of the 2023 Duke-international society of cardiovascular infectious diseases classification for infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis, 2024, 78(4): 930-936.

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