Chinese thoracic surgery experts consensus on postoperative follow-up plans for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

CHEN Longqi ¹ , LI Xiaofei ² , FU Jianhua ³ , ZHAO Song ⁴ , LI Yin ⁵ , MAO Yousheng ⁵ , LIU Shuoyan ⁶ , YU Zhentao ⁷ , TAN Lijie ⁸ , LI Hui ⁹ , HAN Yongtao ¹⁰ , CHEN Chun ¹¹ , KANG Mingqiang ¹¹ , HU Jian ¹² , LI Zhigang ¹³ , LI Hecheng ¹⁴ , ZHANG Renquan ¹⁵ , XU Shidong ¹⁶ , ZHANG Linyou ¹⁷ ,  CAI Kaican ¹⁸ , Chinese Medical Doctor Association of Thoracic Surgeons, China Medicine Education Association of Thoracic Surgery

1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chendu, 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China;
3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China;
4. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China;
5. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China;
6. Department of Thoracic Oncology Surgery, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, P. R. China;
7. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, P. R. China;
8. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China;
9. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China;
10. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affilated Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chendu, 610041, P. R. China;
11. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China;
12. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P. R. China;
13. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Section of Esophageal Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China;
14. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China;
15. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China;
16. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China;
17. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital Affiliated Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China;
18. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

CAI Kaican, Email: doc_cai@163.com

Keywords：

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; follow-up after surgery; expert consensus

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202112054

Video：

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Resection is one of the most important treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and routine postoperative follow-up is an effective method for early detection and treatment of recurrent metastases, which can improve patients' quality of life and prognosis. This consensus aims to provide a reference for colleagues responsible for postoperative follow-up of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients in China, and further improve the standardization of the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Citation： CHEN Longqi, LI Xiaofei, FU Jianhua, ZHAO Song, LI Yin, MAO Yousheng, LIU Shuoyan, YU Zhentao, TAN Lijie, LI Hui, HAN Yongtao, CHEN Chun, KANG Mingqiang, HU Jian, LI Zhigang, LI Hecheng, ZHANG Renquan, XU Shidong, ZHANG Linyou, CAI Kaican, Chinese Medical Doctor Association of Thoracic Surgeons, China Medicine Education Association of Thoracic Surgery. Chinese thoracic surgery experts consensus on postoperative follow-up plans for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022, 29(2): 141-149. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202112054 Copy

1.	Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249.
2.	Bagaria B, Sood S, Sharma R, et al. Comparative study of CEA and CA19-9 in esophageal, gastric and colon cancers individually and in combination (ROC curve analysis). Cancer Biol Med, 2013, 10(3): 148-157.
3.	Iwasaki Y, Arai K, Katayanagi S, et al. Biomarkers for neoplasmas in digestive organs. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2004, 31(7): 1015-1020.
4.	Yang W, Han Y, Zhao X, et al. Advances in prognostic biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2019, 19(2): 109-119.
5.	Jing JX, Wang Y, Xu XQ, et al. Tumor markers for diagnosis, monitoring of recurrence and prognosis in patients with upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(23): 10267-10272.
6.	Wadhwa R, Taketa T, Correa AM, et al. Incidence of brain metastases after trimodality therapy in patients with esophageal or gastroesophageal cancer: Implications for screening and surveillance. Oncology, 2013, 85(4): 204-207.
7.	Betancourt Cuellar SL, Palacio DP, Wu CC, et al. 18 FDG-PET/CT is useful in the follow-up of surgically treated patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol, 2018, 91(1082): 20170341.
8.	Kitagawa Y, Uno T, Oyama T, et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2017 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: Part 1. Esophagus, 2019, 16(1): 1-24.
9.	Kudou M, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, et al. Efficacy of PET-CT in the diagnosis and treatment of recurrence after esophageal cancer surgery. Anticancer Res, 2016, 36(10): 5473-5480.
10.	Kitagawa Y, Uno T, Oyama T, et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2017 edited by the Japan esophageal society: Part 2. Esophagus, 2019, 16(1): 25-43.
11.	馬丹, 楊帆, 廖專, 等. 中國早期食管癌篩查及內鏡診治專家共識意見(2014年, 北京). 胃腸病學, 2015, 35(4): 220-240.
12.	Yamashina T, Ishihara R, Nagai K, et al. Long-term outcome and metastatic risk after endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(4): 544-551.
13.	Pech O, Behrens A, May A, et al. Long-term results and risk factor analysis for recurrence after curative endoscopic therapy in 349 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut, 2008, 57(9): 1200-1206.
14.	Nakagawa K, Koike T, Iijima K, et al. Comparison of the long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection for superficial squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol, 2014, 109(3): 348-356.
15.	Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H, et al. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(1): 67-72.
16.	Das A, Singh V, Fleischer DE, et al. A comparison of endoscopic treatment and surgery in early esophageal cancer: An analysis of surveillance epidemiology and end results data. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103(6): 1340-1345.
17.	Yang H, Liu H, Chen Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the Esophagus (NEOCRTEC5010): A phase Ⅲ multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(27): 2796-2803.
18.	Liu S, Wen J, Yang H, et al. Recurrence patterns after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy compared with surgery alone in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Results from the multicenter phase Ⅲ trial NEOCRTEC5010. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 138: 113-121.
19.	Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof MCCM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(9): 1090-1098.
20.	Oppedijk V, van der Gaast A, van Lanschot JJ, et al. Patterns of recurrence after surgery alone versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in the CROSS trials. J Clin Oncol, 2014, 32(5): 385-391.
21.	馮卓. 行新輔助治療聯合手術的局部進展期食管鱗癌患者術后復發模式和生存分析, 鄭州大學, 2019.
22.	Bonnetain F, Bouché O, Michel P, et al. A comparative longitudinal quality of life study using the Spitzer quality of life index in a randomized multicenter phase Ⅲ trial (FFCD 9102): chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in locally advanced squamous resectable thoracic esophageal cancer. Ann Oncol, 2006, 17(5): 827-834.
23.	Klevebro F, Alexandersson von D?beln G, Wang N, et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(4): 660-667.
24.	Bédard EL, Inculet RI, Malthaner RA, et al. The role of surgery and postoperative chemoradiation therapy in patients with lymph node positive esophageal carcinoma. Cancer, 2001, 91(12): 2423-2430.
25.	Ando N, Kato H, Igaki H, et al. A randomized trial comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus preoperative chemotherapy for localized advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (JCOG9907). Ann Surg Oncol, 2012, 19(1): 68-74.
26.	Ando N, Iizuka T, Ide H, et al. Surgery plus chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: A Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study-JCOG9204. J Clin Oncol, 2003, 21(24): 4592-4596.
27.	Chen J, Pan J, Liu J, et al. Postoperative radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy for node-positive thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013, 86(4): 671-677.
28.	Chiu PW, Chan AC, Leung SF, et al. Multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing standard esophagectomy with chemoradiotherapy for treatment of squamous esophageal cancer: Early results from the Chinese University Research Group for Esophageal Cancer (CURE). J Gastrointest Surg, 2005, 9(6): 794-802.
29.	Lu J, Tao H, Song D, et al. Recurrence risk model for esophageal cancer after radical surgery. Chin J Cancer Res, 2013, 25(5): 549-555.
30.	殷文明, 茅愛武, 姚輝, 等. 食管鱗狀細胞癌血液中循環腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)含量的檢測及其臨床學意義. 中國地方病防治雜志 2019 , 34 (5): 492?493.
31.	Sproll C, Fluegen G, Stoecklein NH. Minimal residual disease in head and neck cancer and esophageal cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018, 1100: 55-82.
32.	van den Ende T, de Clercq NC, van Berge Henegouwen MI, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with atezolizumab for resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma: A single-armpPhase Ⅱ feasibility trial (PERFECT). Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(12): 3351-3359.
33.	Mamdani, H. Schneider BJ, Abushahin LI, et al. Durvalumab following multimodality therapy for locally advanced esophageal and GEJ adenocarcinoma: Updated survival and early translational results from Big Ten Cancer Research Consortium Study. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(suppl): 4572.
34.	Kelly RJ, Ajani JA, Kuzdzal J, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab in resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(13): 1191-1203.

1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249.
2. Bagaria B, Sood S, Sharma R, et al. Comparative study of CEA and CA19-9 in esophageal, gastric and colon cancers individually and in combination (ROC curve analysis). Cancer Biol Med, 2013, 10(3): 148-157.
3. Iwasaki Y, Arai K, Katayanagi S, et al. Biomarkers for neoplasmas in digestive organs. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2004, 31(7): 1015-1020.
4. Yang W, Han Y, Zhao X, et al. Advances in prognostic biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2019, 19(2): 109-119.
5. Jing JX, Wang Y, Xu XQ, et al. Tumor markers for diagnosis, monitoring of recurrence and prognosis in patients with upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(23): 10267-10272.
6. Wadhwa R, Taketa T, Correa AM, et al. Incidence of brain metastases after trimodality therapy in patients with esophageal or gastroesophageal cancer: Implications for screening and surveillance. Oncology, 2013, 85(4): 204-207.
7. Betancourt Cuellar SL, Palacio DP, Wu CC, et al. 18 FDG-PET/CT is useful in the follow-up of surgically treated patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol, 2018, 91(1082): 20170341.
8. Kitagawa Y, Uno T, Oyama T, et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2017 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: Part 1. Esophagus, 2019, 16(1): 1-24.
9. Kudou M, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, et al. Efficacy of PET-CT in the diagnosis and treatment of recurrence after esophageal cancer surgery. Anticancer Res, 2016, 36(10): 5473-5480.
10. Kitagawa Y, Uno T, Oyama T, et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2017 edited by the Japan esophageal society: Part 2. Esophagus, 2019, 16(1): 25-43.
11. 馬丹, 楊帆, 廖專, 等. 中國早期食管癌篩查及內鏡診治專家共識意見(2014年, 北京). 胃腸病學, 2015, 35(4): 220-240.
12. Yamashina T, Ishihara R, Nagai K, et al. Long-term outcome and metastatic risk after endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(4): 544-551.
13. Pech O, Behrens A, May A, et al. Long-term results and risk factor analysis for recurrence after curative endoscopic therapy in 349 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut, 2008, 57(9): 1200-1206.
14. Nakagawa K, Koike T, Iijima K, et al. Comparison of the long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection for superficial squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol, 2014, 109(3): 348-356.
15. Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H, et al. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(1): 67-72.
16. Das A, Singh V, Fleischer DE, et al. A comparison of endoscopic treatment and surgery in early esophageal cancer: An analysis of surveillance epidemiology and end results data. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103(6): 1340-1345.
17. Yang H, Liu H, Chen Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the Esophagus (NEOCRTEC5010): A phase Ⅲ multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(27): 2796-2803.
18. Liu S, Wen J, Yang H, et al. Recurrence patterns after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy compared with surgery alone in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Results from the multicenter phase Ⅲ trial NEOCRTEC5010. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 138: 113-121.
19. Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof MCCM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(9): 1090-1098.
20. Oppedijk V, van der Gaast A, van Lanschot JJ, et al. Patterns of recurrence after surgery alone versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in the CROSS trials. J Clin Oncol, 2014, 32(5): 385-391.
21. 馮卓. 行新輔助治療聯合手術的局部進展期食管鱗癌患者術后復發模式和生存分析, 鄭州大學, 2019.
22. Bonnetain F, Bouché O, Michel P, et al. A comparative longitudinal quality of life study using the Spitzer quality of life index in a randomized multicenter phase Ⅲ trial (FFCD 9102): chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in locally advanced squamous resectable thoracic esophageal cancer. Ann Oncol, 2006, 17(5): 827-834.
23. Klevebro F, Alexandersson von D?beln G, Wang N, et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(4): 660-667.
24. Bédard EL, Inculet RI, Malthaner RA, et al. The role of surgery and postoperative chemoradiation therapy in patients with lymph node positive esophageal carcinoma. Cancer, 2001, 91(12): 2423-2430.
25. Ando N, Kato H, Igaki H, et al. A randomized trial comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus preoperative chemotherapy for localized advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (JCOG9907). Ann Surg Oncol, 2012, 19(1): 68-74.
26. Ando N, Iizuka T, Ide H, et al. Surgery plus chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: A Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study-JCOG9204. J Clin Oncol, 2003, 21(24): 4592-4596.
27. Chen J, Pan J, Liu J, et al. Postoperative radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy for node-positive thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013, 86(4): 671-677.
28. Chiu PW, Chan AC, Leung SF, et al. Multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing standard esophagectomy with chemoradiotherapy for treatment of squamous esophageal cancer: Early results from the Chinese University Research Group for Esophageal Cancer (CURE). J Gastrointest Surg, 2005, 9(6): 794-802.
29. Lu J, Tao H, Song D, et al. Recurrence risk model for esophageal cancer after radical surgery. Chin J Cancer Res, 2013, 25(5): 549-555.
30. 殷文明, 茅愛武, 姚輝, 等. 食管鱗狀細胞癌血液中循環腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)含量的檢測及其臨床學意義. 中國地方病防治雜志 2019 , 34 (5): 492?493.
31. Sproll C, Fluegen G, Stoecklein NH. Minimal residual disease in head and neck cancer and esophageal cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018, 1100: 55-82.
32. van den Ende T, de Clercq NC, van Berge Henegouwen MI, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with atezolizumab for resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma: A single-armpPhase Ⅱ feasibility trial (PERFECT). Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(12): 3351-3359.
33. Mamdani, H. Schneider BJ, Abushahin LI, et al. Durvalumab following multimodality therapy for locally advanced esophageal and GEJ adenocarcinoma: Updated survival and early translational results from Big Ten Cancer Research Consortium Study. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(suppl): 4572.
34. Kelly RJ, Ajani JA, Kuzdzal J, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab in resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(13): 1191-1203.

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Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Chinese thoracic surgery experts consensus on postoperative follow-up plans for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

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