Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for the Treatment of Esophageal Carcinoma_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

ZHANGZhen-ming ,  WANGYun

Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANGYun, Email: hxwangyun@gmail.com

Keywords：

Esophageal carcinoma; Minimally invasive surgery; Traditional surgery; Esophagectomy

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.20140074

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Esophagectomy and extensive lymphadenectomy still remain effective treatment strategies for patients with resectable esophageal carcinoma (EC). However,traditional esophagectomy is performed via open approaches and associated with significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy,various minimally invasive techniques have been introduced to esophagectomy by many medical centers,and minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been widely developed in thoracic surgery. MIE has been proven to be a safe and feasible approach for the treatment of EC. Compared with open esophagectomy,MIE can reduce surgical blood loss,achieve complete and standardized tumor resection and lymph node dissection,and obtain equivalent long-term survival results. However,there are still controversies in some aspects of MIE for the treatment of EC,and the superiority of MIE has not been fully demonstrated. In this review,we focus on five aspects of MIE for the treatment of EC,including MIE techniques,perioperative outcomes,completeness and standard of tumor resection,long-term survival results and current problems.

Citation： ZHANGZhen-ming, WANGYun. Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for the Treatment of Esophageal Carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2014, 21(2): 264-269. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20140074 Copy

1.	?Griffin SM,Shaw IH,Dresner SM.Early complications after Ivor Lewis subtotal esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy:risk factors and management.J Am Coll Surg,2002,194 (3):285-297.
2.	Bailey SH,Bull DA,Harpole DH,et al.Outcomes after esophagectomy:a ten-year prospective cohort.Ann Thorac Surg,2003,75 (1):217-222.
3.	Stilidi I,Davydov M,Bokhyan V,et al.Subtotal esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal Cancer.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2003,23 (3):415-420.
4.	Hamouda AH,Forshaw MJ,Tsigritis K,et al.Perioperative outcomes after transition from conventional to minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in a specialized center.Surg Endosc,2010,24 (4):865-869.
5.	Berger AC,Bloomenthal A,Weksler B,et al.Oncologic efficacy is not compromised,and may be improved with minimally invasive esophagectomy.J Am Coll Surg,2011,212 (4):560-566.
6.	Schoppmann SF,Prager G,Langer FB,et al.Open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy:a single-center case controlled study.Surg Endosc,2010,24 (12):3044-3053.
7.	李京沛,譚黎杰,王群,等.三切口食管癌根治術:胸腔鏡與開放手術的回顧性研究.中華胸心血管外科雜志,2013,29 (6):339-341,361.
8.	Avital S,Zundel N,Szomstein S,et al.Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal Cancer.Am J Surg,2005,190 (1):69-74.
9.	B?ttger T,Terzic A,Müller M,et al.Minimally invasive transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectomy.Surg Endosc,2007,21 (10):1695-1700.
10.	Nguyen NT,Roberts P,Follette DM,et al.Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for benign and malignant disease:lessons learned from 46 consecutive procedures.J Am Coll Surg,2003,197 (6):902-913.
11.	Luketich JD,Alvelo-Rivera M,Buenaventura PO,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy:outcomes in 222 patients.Ann Surg,2003,238 (4):486-495.
12.	Tangoku A,Yoshino S,Abe T,et al.Mediastinoscope-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Surg Endosc,2004,18 (3):383-389.
13.	Bernabe KQ,Bolton JS,Richardson WS.Laparoscopic hand-assisted versus open transhiatal esophagectomy:a case-control study.Surg Endosc,2005,19 (3):334-337.
14.	Van den Broek WT,Makay O,Berends FJ,et al.Laparoscopically assisted transhiatal resection for malignancies of the distal esophagus.Surg Endosc,2004,18 (5):812-817.
15.	Okushiba S,Ohno K,Itoh K,et al.Hand-assisted endoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Surg Today,2003,33 (2):158-161.
16.	Bumm R,Holscher AH,Feussner H,et al.Endodissection of the thoracic esophagus.Technique and clinical results in transhiatal esophagectomy.Ann Surg,1993,218 (1):97-104.
17.	Buess G,Kaiser J,Manncke K,et al.Endoscopic microsurgical dissection of the esophagus (EMDE).Int Surg,1997,82 (2):109-112.
18.	Bonavina L,Incarbone R,Bona D,et al.Esophagectomy via laparoscopy and transmediastinal endodissection.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A,2004,14 (1):13-16.
19.	Ikeda Y,Niimi M,Kan S,et al.Thoracoscopic esophagectomy combined with mediastinoscopy via the neck.Ann Thorac Surg,2002,73 (4):1329-1331.
20.	Robertson GS,Lloyd DM,Wicks AC,et al.No obvious advantages for thoracoscopic two-stage oesophagectomy.Br J Surg,1996,83 (5):675-678.
21.	Lee KW,Leung KF,Wong KK,et al.One-stage thoracoscopic oesophagectomy:ligature intrathoracic stapled anastomosis.Aust N Z J Surg,1997,67 (2/3):131-132.
22.	Tapias LF,Morse CR.A preliminary experience with minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.Dis Esophagus,2012,25 (5):449-455.
23.	Kunisaki C,Kosaka T,Ono HA,et al.Significance of thoracoscopyassisted surgery with a minithoracotomy and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for esophageal cancer:the experience of a single surgeon.J Gastrointest Surg,2011,15 (11):1939-1951.
24.	李輝,胡濱,游賓,等.經口置入釘砧頭技術用于全腔鏡食管癌切除胸腔內胃食管吻合.中華外科雜志,2010,48 (22):1747-1750.
25.	Godiris-Petit G,Munoz-Bongrand N,Honigman I,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer:prospective evaluation of laparoscopic gastric mobilization.World J Surg,2006,30 (8):1434-1440.
26.	Schr?der W,H?lscher AH,Bludau M,et al.Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with and without laparoscopic conditioning of the gastric conduit.World J Surg,2010,34 (4):738-743.
27.	Mcanena OJ,Rogers J,Williams NS.Right thoracoscopically assisted oesophagectomy for cancer.Br J Surg,1994,81 (2):236-238.
28.	Osugi H,Takemura M,Higashino M,et al.Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy and radical lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer.A series of 75 cases.Surg Endosc,2002,16 (11):1588-1593.
29.	Cense HA,Busch OR,Bemelman WA,et al.Results of the combination of open transthoracic esophagectomy with laparoscopic gastric tube formation for esophageal cancer.Dig Surg,2006,23 (3):164-168.
30.	Benzoni E,Bresadola V,Terrosu G,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy:a comparative study of transhiatal laparoscopic approach versus laparoscopic right transthoracic esophagectomy.Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech,2008,18 (2):178-187.
31.	Nguyen NT,Follette DM,Wolfe BM,et al.Comparison of minimally invasive esophagectomy with transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomy.Arch Surg,2000,135 (8):920-925.
32.	Palanivelu C,Prakash A,Senthilkumar R,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy:Thoracoscopic mobilization of the esophagus and mediastinal lymphadenectomy in prone position-experience of 130 patients.J Am Coll Surg,2006,203 (1):7-16.
33.	Fabian T,Martin J,Katigbak M,et al.Thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization during minimally invasive esophagectomy:a headto-head comparison of prone versus decubitus positions.Surg Endosc,2008,22 (11):2485-2491.
34.	Dapri G,Himpens J,Cadiere GB.Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer:laparoscopic transhiatal procedure or thoracoscopy in prone position followed by laparoscopy? Surg Endosc,2008,22 (4):1060-1069.
35.	汪灝,譚黎杰,李京沛,等.胸腔鏡食管癌根治術的安全性評價.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15 (9):926-929.
36.	Jarral OA,Purkayastha S,Athanasiou T,et al.Should thoracoscopic three-stage esophagectomy be performed in the prone or left lateral decubitus position? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2011,13 (1):60-65.
37.	Gao YS,Wang Y,Chen LQ,et al.Comparison of open three-field and minimally-invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2011,12 (3):366-369.
38.	Suzuki Y,Urashima M,Ishibashi Y,et al.Hand-assisted laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery (HALTS) in radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer.Eur J Surg Oncol,2005,31 (10):1166-1174.
39.	Horgan S,Berger RA,Elli EF,et al.Robotic-assisted minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy.Am Surg,2003,69 (7):624-626.
40.	Kernstine KH,Dearmond DT,Karimi M,et al.The robotic,2-stage,3-field esophagolymphadenectomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2004,127 (6):1847-1849.
41.	Kernstine KH,Dearmond DT,Shamoun DM,et al.The first series of completely robotic esophagectomies with three-field lymphadenectomy:initial experience.Surg Endosc,2007,21 (12):2285-2292.
42.	Suda K,Ishida Y,Kawamura Y,et al.Robot-assisted thoracoscopic lymphadenectomy along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the prone position:technical report and short-term outcomes.World J Surg,2012,36 (7):1608-1616.
43.	Herbella FA,Patti MG.Minimally invasive esophagectomy.World J Gastroenterol,2010,16 (30):3811-3815.
44.	Boone J,Schipper ME,Moojen WA,et al.Robot-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy for Cancer.Br J Surg,2009,96 (8):878-886.
45.	Watson TJ.Robotic esophagectomy:is it an advance and what is the future? Ann Thorac Surg,2008,85 (2):S757-S759.
46.	Willer BL,Mittal SK,Worrell SG,et al.Applicability and feasibility of incorporating minimally invasive esophagectomy at a high volume center.J Gastrointest Surg,2010,14 (8):1201-1206.
47.	Zingg U,Mcquinn A,Divalentino D,et al.Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer.Ann Thorac Surg,2009,87 (3):911-919.
48.	Nagpal K,Ahmed K,Vats A,et al.Is minimally invasive surgery beneficial in the management of esophageal cancer? A meta-analysis.Surg Endosc,2010,24 (7):1621-1629.
49.	Verhage RJ,Hazebroek EJ,Boone J,et al.Minimally invasive surgery compared to open procedures in esophagectomy for cancer:a systematic review of the literature.Minerva Chir,2009,64 (2):135-146.
50.	劉寶興,李印,秦建軍,等.胸腹腔鏡聯合與常規三切口食管次全切除術治療食管癌的比較研究.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15 (9):938-942.
51.	Smithers BM,Gotley DC,Martin I,et al.Comparison of the outcomes between open and minimally invasive esophagectomy.Ann Surg,2007,245 (2):232-240.
52.	茅騰,方文濤,谷志濤,等.腔鏡微創與開放食管癌根治術圍手術期并發癥和淋巴結清掃的比較研究.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15 (9):922-925.
53.	Lee JM,Cheng JW,Lin MT,et al.Is there any benefit to incorporating a laparoscopic procedure into minimally invasive esophagectomy? the impact on perioperative results in patients with esophageal cancer.World J Surg,2011,35 (4):790-797.
54.	Pham TH,Perry KA,Dolan JP,et al.Comparison of perioperative outcomes after combined thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy and open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy.Am J Surg,2010,199 (5):594-598.
55.	Biere SS,Cuesta MA,Van der Peet DL.Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Minerva Chir,2009,64 (2):121-133.
56.	Biere SS,van Berge Henegouwen MI,Maas KW,et al.Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer:a multicentre,open-label,randomised controlled trial.Lancet,2012,379 (9829):1887-1892.
57.	Groth SS,Virnig BA,Whitson BA,et al.Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:data from the surveillance epidemiology and end results database.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2010,139 (3):612-620.
58.	Greenstein AJ,Litle VR,Swanson SJ,et al.Effect of the number of lymph nodes sampled on postoperative survival of lymph node-negative esophageal cancer.Cancer,2008,112 (6):1239-1246.
59.	Dantoc MM,Cox MR,Eslick GD.Does minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) provide for comparable oncologic outcomes to open techniques? A systematic review.J Gastrointest Surg,2012,16 (3):486-494.
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1. ?Griffin SM,Shaw IH,Dresner SM.Early complications after Ivor Lewis subtotal esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy:risk factors and management.J Am Coll Surg,2002,194 (3):285-297.
2. Bailey SH,Bull DA,Harpole DH,et al.Outcomes after esophagectomy:a ten-year prospective cohort.Ann Thorac Surg,2003,75 (1):217-222.
3. Stilidi I,Davydov M,Bokhyan V,et al.Subtotal esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal Cancer.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2003,23 (3):415-420.
4. Hamouda AH,Forshaw MJ,Tsigritis K,et al.Perioperative outcomes after transition from conventional to minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in a specialized center.Surg Endosc,2010,24 (4):865-869.
5. Berger AC,Bloomenthal A,Weksler B,et al.Oncologic efficacy is not compromised,and may be improved with minimally invasive esophagectomy.J Am Coll Surg,2011,212 (4):560-566.
6. Schoppmann SF,Prager G,Langer FB,et al.Open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy:a single-center case controlled study.Surg Endosc,2010,24 (12):3044-3053.
7. 李京沛,譚黎杰,王群,等.三切口食管癌根治術:胸腔鏡與開放手術的回顧性研究.中華胸心血管外科雜志,2013,29 (6):339-341,361.
8. Avital S,Zundel N,Szomstein S,et al.Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal Cancer.Am J Surg,2005,190 (1):69-74.
9. B?ttger T,Terzic A,Müller M,et al.Minimally invasive transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectomy.Surg Endosc,2007,21 (10):1695-1700.
10. Nguyen NT,Roberts P,Follette DM,et al.Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for benign and malignant disease:lessons learned from 46 consecutive procedures.J Am Coll Surg,2003,197 (6):902-913.
11. Luketich JD,Alvelo-Rivera M,Buenaventura PO,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy:outcomes in 222 patients.Ann Surg,2003,238 (4):486-495.
12. Tangoku A,Yoshino S,Abe T,et al.Mediastinoscope-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Surg Endosc,2004,18 (3):383-389.
13. Bernabe KQ,Bolton JS,Richardson WS.Laparoscopic hand-assisted versus open transhiatal esophagectomy:a case-control study.Surg Endosc,2005,19 (3):334-337.
14. Van den Broek WT,Makay O,Berends FJ,et al.Laparoscopically assisted transhiatal resection for malignancies of the distal esophagus.Surg Endosc,2004,18 (5):812-817.
15. Okushiba S,Ohno K,Itoh K,et al.Hand-assisted endoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Surg Today,2003,33 (2):158-161.
16. Bumm R,Holscher AH,Feussner H,et al.Endodissection of the thoracic esophagus.Technique and clinical results in transhiatal esophagectomy.Ann Surg,1993,218 (1):97-104.
17. Buess G,Kaiser J,Manncke K,et al.Endoscopic microsurgical dissection of the esophagus (EMDE).Int Surg,1997,82 (2):109-112.
18. Bonavina L,Incarbone R,Bona D,et al.Esophagectomy via laparoscopy and transmediastinal endodissection.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A,2004,14 (1):13-16.
19. Ikeda Y,Niimi M,Kan S,et al.Thoracoscopic esophagectomy combined with mediastinoscopy via the neck.Ann Thorac Surg,2002,73 (4):1329-1331.
20. Robertson GS,Lloyd DM,Wicks AC,et al.No obvious advantages for thoracoscopic two-stage oesophagectomy.Br J Surg,1996,83 (5):675-678.
21. Lee KW,Leung KF,Wong KK,et al.One-stage thoracoscopic oesophagectomy:ligature intrathoracic stapled anastomosis.Aust N Z J Surg,1997,67 (2/3):131-132.
22. Tapias LF,Morse CR.A preliminary experience with minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.Dis Esophagus,2012,25 (5):449-455.
23. Kunisaki C,Kosaka T,Ono HA,et al.Significance of thoracoscopyassisted surgery with a minithoracotomy and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for esophageal cancer:the experience of a single surgeon.J Gastrointest Surg,2011,15 (11):1939-1951.
24. 李輝,胡濱,游賓,等.經口置入釘砧頭技術用于全腔鏡食管癌切除胸腔內胃食管吻合.中華外科雜志,2010,48 (22):1747-1750.
25. Godiris-Petit G,Munoz-Bongrand N,Honigman I,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer:prospective evaluation of laparoscopic gastric mobilization.World J Surg,2006,30 (8):1434-1440.
26. Schr?der W,H?lscher AH,Bludau M,et al.Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with and without laparoscopic conditioning of the gastric conduit.World J Surg,2010,34 (4):738-743.
27. Mcanena OJ,Rogers J,Williams NS.Right thoracoscopically assisted oesophagectomy for cancer.Br J Surg,1994,81 (2):236-238.
28. Osugi H,Takemura M,Higashino M,et al.Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy and radical lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer.A series of 75 cases.Surg Endosc,2002,16 (11):1588-1593.
29. Cense HA,Busch OR,Bemelman WA,et al.Results of the combination of open transthoracic esophagectomy with laparoscopic gastric tube formation for esophageal cancer.Dig Surg,2006,23 (3):164-168.
30. Benzoni E,Bresadola V,Terrosu G,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy:a comparative study of transhiatal laparoscopic approach versus laparoscopic right transthoracic esophagectomy.Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech,2008,18 (2):178-187.
31. Nguyen NT,Follette DM,Wolfe BM,et al.Comparison of minimally invasive esophagectomy with transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomy.Arch Surg,2000,135 (8):920-925.
32. Palanivelu C,Prakash A,Senthilkumar R,et al.Minimally invasive esophagectomy:Thoracoscopic mobilization of the esophagus and mediastinal lymphadenectomy in prone position-experience of 130 patients.J Am Coll Surg,2006,203 (1):7-16.
33. Fabian T,Martin J,Katigbak M,et al.Thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization during minimally invasive esophagectomy:a headto-head comparison of prone versus decubitus positions.Surg Endosc,2008,22 (11):2485-2491.
34. Dapri G,Himpens J,Cadiere GB.Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer:laparoscopic transhiatal procedure or thoracoscopy in prone position followed by laparoscopy? Surg Endosc,2008,22 (4):1060-1069.
35. 汪灝,譚黎杰,李京沛,等.胸腔鏡食管癌根治術的安全性評價.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15 (9):926-929.
36. Jarral OA,Purkayastha S,Athanasiou T,et al.Should thoracoscopic three-stage esophagectomy be performed in the prone or left lateral decubitus position? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2011,13 (1):60-65.
37. Gao YS,Wang Y,Chen LQ,et al.Comparison of open three-field and minimally-invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2011,12 (3):366-369.
38. Suzuki Y,Urashima M,Ishibashi Y,et al.Hand-assisted laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery (HALTS) in radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer.Eur J Surg Oncol,2005,31 (10):1166-1174.
39. Horgan S,Berger RA,Elli EF,et al.Robotic-assisted minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy.Am Surg,2003,69 (7):624-626.
40. Kernstine KH,Dearmond DT,Karimi M,et al.The robotic,2-stage,3-field esophagolymphadenectomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2004,127 (6):1847-1849.
41. Kernstine KH,Dearmond DT,Shamoun DM,et al.The first series of completely robotic esophagectomies with three-field lymphadenectomy:initial experience.Surg Endosc,2007,21 (12):2285-2292.
42. Suda K,Ishida Y,Kawamura Y,et al.Robot-assisted thoracoscopic lymphadenectomy along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the prone position:technical report and short-term outcomes.World J Surg,2012,36 (7):1608-1616.
43. Herbella FA,Patti MG.Minimally invasive esophagectomy.World J Gastroenterol,2010,16 (30):3811-3815.
44. Boone J,Schipper ME,Moojen WA,et al.Robot-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy for Cancer.Br J Surg,2009,96 (8):878-886.
45. Watson TJ.Robotic esophagectomy:is it an advance and what is the future? Ann Thorac Surg,2008,85 (2):S757-S759.
46. Willer BL,Mittal SK,Worrell SG,et al.Applicability and feasibility of incorporating minimally invasive esophagectomy at a high volume center.J Gastrointest Surg,2010,14 (8):1201-1206.
47. Zingg U,Mcquinn A,Divalentino D,et al.Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer.Ann Thorac Surg,2009,87 (3):911-919.
48. Nagpal K,Ahmed K,Vats A,et al.Is minimally invasive surgery beneficial in the management of esophageal cancer? A meta-analysis.Surg Endosc,2010,24 (7):1621-1629.
49. Verhage RJ,Hazebroek EJ,Boone J,et al.Minimally invasive surgery compared to open procedures in esophagectomy for cancer:a systematic review of the literature.Minerva Chir,2009,64 (2):135-146.
50. 劉寶興,李印,秦建軍,等.胸腹腔鏡聯合與常規三切口食管次全切除術治療食管癌的比較研究.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15 (9):938-942.
51. Smithers BM,Gotley DC,Martin I,et al.Comparison of the outcomes between open and minimally invasive esophagectomy.Ann Surg,2007,245 (2):232-240.
52. 茅騰,方文濤,谷志濤,等.腔鏡微創與開放食管癌根治術圍手術期并發癥和淋巴結清掃的比較研究.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15 (9):922-925.
53. Lee JM,Cheng JW,Lin MT,et al.Is there any benefit to incorporating a laparoscopic procedure into minimally invasive esophagectomy? the impact on perioperative results in patients with esophageal cancer.World J Surg,2011,35 (4):790-797.
54. Pham TH,Perry KA,Dolan JP,et al.Comparison of perioperative outcomes after combined thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy and open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy.Am J Surg,2010,199 (5):594-598.
55. Biere SS,Cuesta MA,Van der Peet DL.Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Minerva Chir,2009,64 (2):121-133.
56. Biere SS,van Berge Henegouwen MI,Maas KW,et al.Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer:a multicentre,open-label,randomised controlled trial.Lancet,2012,379 (9829):1887-1892.
57. Groth SS,Virnig BA,Whitson BA,et al.Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:data from the surveillance epidemiology and end results database.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2010,139 (3):612-620.
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59. Dantoc MM,Cox MR,Eslick GD.Does minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) provide for comparable oncologic outcomes to open techniques? A systematic review.J Gastrointest Surg,2012,16 (3):486-494.
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心臟機械瓣膜置換術后華法林低強度抗凝治療的臨床分析

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for the Treatment of Esophageal Carcinoma

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