Progress on the application of tranexamic acid in adolescent spine corrective surgery_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

ZHANG Zhuang , YANG Xi , WANG Lei ,  SONG Yueming

Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding?author：

SONG Yueming, Email: prof_songyueming@163.com

Keywords：

Adolescent; spinal corrective surgery; tranexamic acid; intraoperative blood loss

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202001052

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the advances in the application of tranexamic acid (TXA) in adolescent spinal corrective surgery.Methods The mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic, effectiveness, dosage, safety as well as methods of administration were comprehensively summarized by consulting domestic and overseas related literature about the application of TXA in adolescent spinal corrective surgery in recent years.Results TXA efficaciously reduce intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rate and volume, postoperative drainage volume in adolescent spinal corrective surgery. At present, the most common method of administration in adolescent spinal corrective surgery is that a loading dose is given intravenously before skin incision or induction of anesthesia, followed by a maintenance dose until the end of the surgery. The range of loading dose and maintenance dose is 10-100 mg/kg and 1-10 mg/(kg·h), respectively. No drug related adverse event has been reported in this range.Conclusion The effectiveness and safety of TXA in adolescent spinal surgery have been basically confirmed. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage, method of administration as well as whether it could reduce blood loss after surgery.

Citation： ZHANG Zhuang, YANG Xi, WANG Lei, SONG Yueming. Progress on the application of tranexamic acid in adolescent spine corrective surgery. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2020, 34(11): 1468-1473. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202001052 Copy

1.	Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet, 2008, 371(9623): 1527-1537.
2.	Guay J, Haig M, Lortie L, et al. Predicting blood loss in surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Can J Anaesth, 1994, 41(9): 775-781.
3.	Soviero F, Geraci A, Termine S, et al. Bleeding in orthopaedic surgery: the role of blood transfusion and erythropoietin alpha. Acta Biomed, 2010, 81(2): 125-129.
4.	Hiippala ST, Strid LJ, Wennerstrand MI, et al. Tranexamic acid radically decreases blood loss and transfusions associated with total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg, 1997, 84(4): 839-844.
5.	Ekb?ck G, Axelsson K, Ryttberg L, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in total hip replacement surgery. Anesth Analg, 2000, 91(5): 1124-1130.
6.	Neilipovitz DT, Murto K, Hall L, et al. A randomized trial of tranexamic acid to reduce blood transfusion for scoliosis surgery. Anesth Analg, 2001, 93(1): 82-87.
7.	McCormack PL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis. Drugs, 2012, 72(5): 585-617.
8.	Hunt BJ. The current place of tranexamic acid in the management of bleeding. Anaesthesia, 2015, 70(Suppl 1): 50-53.
9.	Bosch P, Kenkre TS, Soliman D, et al. Comparison of the coagulation profile of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion with and without tranexamic acid. Spine Deform, 2019, 7(6): 910-916.
10.	Pilbrant A, Schannong M, Vessman J. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tranexamic acid. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1981, 20(1): 65-72.
11.	Eriksson O, Kjellman H, Pilbrant A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid after intravenous administration to normal volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1974, 7(5): 375-380.
12.	Andersson L, Eriksson O, Hedlund PO, et al. Special considerations with regard to the dosage of tranexamic acid in patients with chronic renal diseases. Urol Res, 1978, 6(2): 83-88.
13.	Nilsson IM. Clinical pharmacology of aminocaproic and tranexamic acids. J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol), 1980, 14: 41-47.
14.	Goobie SM, Zurakowski D, Glotzbecker MP, et al. Tranexamic acid is efficacious at decreasing the rate of blood loss in adolescent scoliosis surgery: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2018, 100(23): 2024-2032.
15.	Sui WY, Ye F, Yang JL. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing allogeneic blood products in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2016, 17: 187.
16.	Lykissas MG, Crawford AH, Chan G, et al. The effect of tranexamic acid in blood loss and transfusion volume in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a single-surgeon experience. J Child Orthop, 2013, 7(3): 245-249.
17.	Shapiro F, Zurakowski D, Sethna NF. Tranexamic acid diminishes intraoperative blood loss and transfusion in spinal fusions for duchenne muscular dystrophy scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007, 32(20): 2278-2283.
18.	Yagi M, Hasegawa J, Nagoshi N, et al. Does the intraoperative tranexamic acid decrease operative blood loss during posterior spinal fusion for treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(21): E1336-E1342.
19.	Ng BK, Chau WW, Hung AL, et al. Use of tranexamic acid (TXA) on reducing blood loss during scoliosis surgery in Chinese adolescents. Scoliosis, 2015, 10: 28.
20.	陳暉, 闞世廉. 氨甲環酸減少青少年特發性脊柱側凸后路融合固定術失血的臨床研究. 天津醫藥, 2015, 43(9): 1044-1046.
21.	張曉坤, 周路陽, 董媛媛, 等. 氨甲環酸對青少年特發性脊柱側彎后路矯形術患者圍術期出血的影響. 江蘇醫藥, 2015, 41(6): 671-672.
22.	Newton PO, Bastrom TP, Emans JB, et al. Antifibrinolytic agents reduce blood loss during pediatric vertebral column resection procedures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(23): E1459-E1463.
23.	解京明, 李韜, 王迎松, 等. 大劑量氨甲環酸用于脊柱矯形手術的安全性和有效性. 中國脊柱脊髓雜志, 2016, 26(1): 48-54.
24.	Verma K, Errico T, Diefenbach C, et al. The relative efficacy of antifibrinolytics in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2014, 96(10): e80.
25.	Xu C, Wu A, Yue Y. Which is more effective in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: batroxobin, tranexamic acid or a combination? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012, 132(1): 25-31.
26.	祁術元, 冷愛華, 梁文靜, 等. 氨甲環酸在脊柱側彎矯形術中血液保護的應用研究. 北京醫學, 2018, 40(12): 1163-1166.
27.	Fiechtner BK, Nuttall GA, Johnson ME, et al. Plasma tranexamic acid concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg, 2001, 92(5): 1131-1136.
28.	Yoo JS, Ahn J, Karmarkar SS, et al. The use of tranexamic acid in spine surgery. Ann Transl Med, 2019, 7(Suppl 5): S172.
29.	Garg B, Dhatt S, Chakraborty S, et al. Use of single-dose tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss in operative thoracolumbar trauma: a comparative study. Spine, 2012, 12(9): S93.
30.	Wang Q, Liu J, Fan R, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss of degenerative lumbar instability with stenosis in posterior approach lumbar surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J, 2013, 22(9): 2035-2038.
31.	Carabini LM, Moreland NC, Vealey RJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of low-dose tranexamic acid versus placebo to reduce red blood cell transfusion during complex multilevel spine Fusion Surgery. World Neurosurg, 2018, 110: e572-e579.
32.	Shakeri M, Salehpour F, Shokouhi G, et al. Minimal dose of tranexamic acid is effective in reducing blood loss in complex spine surgeries: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. Asian Spine J, 2018, 12(3): 484-489.
33.	Zhong J, Cao K, Wang B, et al. The perioperative efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. World Neurosurg, 2019, 129: e726-e732.
34.	Johnson DJ, Johnson CC, Goobie SM, et al. High-dose versus low-dose tranexamic acid to reduce transfusion requirements in pediatric scoliosis surgery. J Pediatr Orthop, 2017, 37(8): e552-e557.
35.	Grant JA, Howard J, Luntley J, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion requirements in pediatric scoliosis surgery: the efficacy of tranexamic acid. J Pediatr Orthop, 2009, 29(3): 300-304.
36.	Sethna NF, Zurakowski D, Brustowicz RM, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces intraoperative blood loss in pediatric patients undergoing scoliosis surgery. Anesthesiology, 2005, 102(4): 727-732.
37.	Yuan QM, Zhao ZH, Xu BS. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J, 2017, 26(1): 131-139.
38.	Alajmi T, Saeed H, Alfaryan K, et al. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and blood transfusion in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Spine Surg, 2017, 3(4): 531-540.
39.	Yu CC, Kadri O, Kadado A, et al. Intravenous and oral tranexamic acid are equivalent at reducing blood loss in thoracolumbar spinal fusion: a prospective randomized trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2019, 44(11): 755-761.
40.	張培楠, 楊新明, 賈永利, 等. 不同方式應用氨甲環酸對布氏桿菌性脊柱炎患者圍手術期失血的影響. 實用醫學雜志, 2018, 34(11): 1898-1901, 1906.
41.	鄭菡, 彭霽, 任運欽, 等. 局部應用氨甲環酸對脊柱手術患者凝血及纖溶功能的影響. 解放軍醫學雜志, 2019, 44(5): 405-411.
42.	Liang JQ, Rong TH, Liu HZ, et al. Topical injection of tranexamic acid via a drain plus drain-clamping to reduce blood loss in degenerative lumbar scoliosis surgery. Orthop Surg, 2020, 12(1): 67-73.
43.	楊秀美, 王剛, 黃青青, 等. 氨甲環酸在椎體切除脊柱矯形術中的用藥方式及安全性. 昆明醫科大學學報, 2019, 40(5): 91-95.
44.	Xie J, Ma J, Yao H, et al. Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss after primary total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet: a randomized clinical trial. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(11): 2458-2464.
45.	Xie J, Hu Q, Ma J, et al. Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss and the inflammatory response following enhanced-recovery primary total hip arthroplasty: a randomised clinical trial. Bone Joint J, 2017, 99-B(11): 1442-1449.
46.	Wang D, Yang Y, He C, et al. Effect of multiple doses of oral Tranexamic acid on haemostasis and inflammatory reaction in total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Thromb Haemost, 2019, 119(1): 92-103.
47.	Wang D, Wang HY, Luo ZY, et al. Blood-conserving efficacy of multiple doses of oral tranexamic acid associated with an enhanced-recovery programme in primary total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Bone Joint J, 2018, 100-B(8): 1025-1032.
48.	Slattery C, Kark J, Wagner T, et al. The use of tranexamic acid to reduce surgical blood loss: a review basic science, subspecialty studies, and the evolution of use in spine deformity surgery. Clin Spine Surg, 2019, 32(2): 46-50.
49.	Mangano DT, Miao Y, Vuylsteke A, et al. Mortality associated with aprotinin during 5 years following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA, 2007, 297(5): 471-479.
50.	Calapai G, Gangemi S, Mannucci C, et al. Systematic review of tranexamic acid adverse reactions. Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 2015, 3(4). doi: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000171.
51.	Zhang Y, Liu H, He F, et al. Does tranexamic acid improve bleeding, transfusion, and hemoglobin level in patients undergoing multilevel spine surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg, 2019, 127: 289-301.
52.	Cheriyan T, Maier SP 2nd, Bianco K, et al. Efficacy of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding in spine surgery: a meta-analysis. Spine J, 2015, 15(4): 752-761.
53.	劉嘉明, 彭慧明, 沈建雄, 等. 脊柱手術中應用氨甲環酸的有效性和安全性薈萃分析. 中華外科雜志, 2010, 48(12): 937-942.
54.	黃智勇. 氨甲環酸藥物用于脊柱手術有效性與安全性的 Meta 分析. 現代實用醫學, 2017, 29(3): 357-359.
55.	Kalavrouziotis D, Voisine P, Mohammadi S, et al. High-dose tranexamic acid is an independent predictor of early seizure after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 93(1): 148-154.
56.	Upadhyay SP, Mallick PN, Jagia M, et al. Acute arterial thrombosis associated with inadvertent high dose of tranexamic acid. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2013, 17(4): 237-239.
57.	Berman M, Cardone D, Sharples L, et al. Safety and efficacy of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in pulmonary endarterectomy surgery with hypothermia: review of 200 patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(5): 1432-1436.
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1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet, 2008, 371(9623): 1527-1537.
2. Guay J, Haig M, Lortie L, et al. Predicting blood loss in surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Can J Anaesth, 1994, 41(9): 775-781.
3. Soviero F, Geraci A, Termine S, et al. Bleeding in orthopaedic surgery: the role of blood transfusion and erythropoietin alpha. Acta Biomed, 2010, 81(2): 125-129.
4. Hiippala ST, Strid LJ, Wennerstrand MI, et al. Tranexamic acid radically decreases blood loss and transfusions associated with total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg, 1997, 84(4): 839-844.
5. Ekb?ck G, Axelsson K, Ryttberg L, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in total hip replacement surgery. Anesth Analg, 2000, 91(5): 1124-1130.
6. Neilipovitz DT, Murto K, Hall L, et al. A randomized trial of tranexamic acid to reduce blood transfusion for scoliosis surgery. Anesth Analg, 2001, 93(1): 82-87.
7. McCormack PL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis. Drugs, 2012, 72(5): 585-617.
8. Hunt BJ. The current place of tranexamic acid in the management of bleeding. Anaesthesia, 2015, 70(Suppl 1): 50-53.
9. Bosch P, Kenkre TS, Soliman D, et al. Comparison of the coagulation profile of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion with and without tranexamic acid. Spine Deform, 2019, 7(6): 910-916.
10. Pilbrant A, Schannong M, Vessman J. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tranexamic acid. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1981, 20(1): 65-72.
11. Eriksson O, Kjellman H, Pilbrant A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid after intravenous administration to normal volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1974, 7(5): 375-380.
12. Andersson L, Eriksson O, Hedlund PO, et al. Special considerations with regard to the dosage of tranexamic acid in patients with chronic renal diseases. Urol Res, 1978, 6(2): 83-88.
13. Nilsson IM. Clinical pharmacology of aminocaproic and tranexamic acids. J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol), 1980, 14: 41-47.
14. Goobie SM, Zurakowski D, Glotzbecker MP, et al. Tranexamic acid is efficacious at decreasing the rate of blood loss in adolescent scoliosis surgery: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2018, 100(23): 2024-2032.
15. Sui WY, Ye F, Yang JL. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing allogeneic blood products in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2016, 17: 187.
16. Lykissas MG, Crawford AH, Chan G, et al. The effect of tranexamic acid in blood loss and transfusion volume in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a single-surgeon experience. J Child Orthop, 2013, 7(3): 245-249.
17. Shapiro F, Zurakowski D, Sethna NF. Tranexamic acid diminishes intraoperative blood loss and transfusion in spinal fusions for duchenne muscular dystrophy scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007, 32(20): 2278-2283.
18. Yagi M, Hasegawa J, Nagoshi N, et al. Does the intraoperative tranexamic acid decrease operative blood loss during posterior spinal fusion for treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(21): E1336-E1342.
19. Ng BK, Chau WW, Hung AL, et al. Use of tranexamic acid (TXA) on reducing blood loss during scoliosis surgery in Chinese adolescents. Scoliosis, 2015, 10: 28.
20. 陳暉, 闞世廉. 氨甲環酸減少青少年特發性脊柱側凸后路融合固定術失血的臨床研究. 天津醫藥, 2015, 43(9): 1044-1046.
21. 張曉坤, 周路陽, 董媛媛, 等. 氨甲環酸對青少年特發性脊柱側彎后路矯形術患者圍術期出血的影響. 江蘇醫藥, 2015, 41(6): 671-672.
22. Newton PO, Bastrom TP, Emans JB, et al. Antifibrinolytic agents reduce blood loss during pediatric vertebral column resection procedures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(23): E1459-E1463.
23. 解京明, 李韜, 王迎松, 等. 大劑量氨甲環酸用于脊柱矯形手術的安全性和有效性. 中國脊柱脊髓雜志, 2016, 26(1): 48-54.
24. Verma K, Errico T, Diefenbach C, et al. The relative efficacy of antifibrinolytics in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2014, 96(10): e80.
25. Xu C, Wu A, Yue Y. Which is more effective in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: batroxobin, tranexamic acid or a combination? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012, 132(1): 25-31.
26. 祁術元, 冷愛華, 梁文靜, 等. 氨甲環酸在脊柱側彎矯形術中血液保護的應用研究. 北京醫學, 2018, 40(12): 1163-1166.
27. Fiechtner BK, Nuttall GA, Johnson ME, et al. Plasma tranexamic acid concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg, 2001, 92(5): 1131-1136.
28. Yoo JS, Ahn J, Karmarkar SS, et al. The use of tranexamic acid in spine surgery. Ann Transl Med, 2019, 7(Suppl 5): S172.
29. Garg B, Dhatt S, Chakraborty S, et al. Use of single-dose tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss in operative thoracolumbar trauma: a comparative study. Spine, 2012, 12(9): S93.
30. Wang Q, Liu J, Fan R, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss of degenerative lumbar instability with stenosis in posterior approach lumbar surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J, 2013, 22(9): 2035-2038.
31. Carabini LM, Moreland NC, Vealey RJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of low-dose tranexamic acid versus placebo to reduce red blood cell transfusion during complex multilevel spine Fusion Surgery. World Neurosurg, 2018, 110: e572-e579.
32. Shakeri M, Salehpour F, Shokouhi G, et al. Minimal dose of tranexamic acid is effective in reducing blood loss in complex spine surgeries: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. Asian Spine J, 2018, 12(3): 484-489.
33. Zhong J, Cao K, Wang B, et al. The perioperative efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. World Neurosurg, 2019, 129: e726-e732.
34. Johnson DJ, Johnson CC, Goobie SM, et al. High-dose versus low-dose tranexamic acid to reduce transfusion requirements in pediatric scoliosis surgery. J Pediatr Orthop, 2017, 37(8): e552-e557.
35. Grant JA, Howard J, Luntley J, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion requirements in pediatric scoliosis surgery: the efficacy of tranexamic acid. J Pediatr Orthop, 2009, 29(3): 300-304.
36. Sethna NF, Zurakowski D, Brustowicz RM, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces intraoperative blood loss in pediatric patients undergoing scoliosis surgery. Anesthesiology, 2005, 102(4): 727-732.
37. Yuan QM, Zhao ZH, Xu BS. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J, 2017, 26(1): 131-139.
38. Alajmi T, Saeed H, Alfaryan K, et al. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and blood transfusion in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Spine Surg, 2017, 3(4): 531-540.
39. Yu CC, Kadri O, Kadado A, et al. Intravenous and oral tranexamic acid are equivalent at reducing blood loss in thoracolumbar spinal fusion: a prospective randomized trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2019, 44(11): 755-761.
40. 張培楠, 楊新明, 賈永利, 等. 不同方式應用氨甲環酸對布氏桿菌性脊柱炎患者圍手術期失血的影響. 實用醫學雜志, 2018, 34(11): 1898-1901, 1906.
41. 鄭菡, 彭霽, 任運欽, 等. 局部應用氨甲環酸對脊柱手術患者凝血及纖溶功能的影響. 解放軍醫學雜志, 2019, 44(5): 405-411.
42. Liang JQ, Rong TH, Liu HZ, et al. Topical injection of tranexamic acid via a drain plus drain-clamping to reduce blood loss in degenerative lumbar scoliosis surgery. Orthop Surg, 2020, 12(1): 67-73.
43. 楊秀美, 王剛, 黃青青, 等. 氨甲環酸在椎體切除脊柱矯形術中的用藥方式及安全性. 昆明醫科大學學報, 2019, 40(5): 91-95.
44. Xie J, Ma J, Yao H, et al. Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss after primary total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet: a randomized clinical trial. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(11): 2458-2464.
45. Xie J, Hu Q, Ma J, et al. Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss and the inflammatory response following enhanced-recovery primary total hip arthroplasty: a randomised clinical trial. Bone Joint J, 2017, 99-B(11): 1442-1449.
46. Wang D, Yang Y, He C, et al. Effect of multiple doses of oral Tranexamic acid on haemostasis and inflammatory reaction in total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Thromb Haemost, 2019, 119(1): 92-103.
47. Wang D, Wang HY, Luo ZY, et al. Blood-conserving efficacy of multiple doses of oral tranexamic acid associated with an enhanced-recovery programme in primary total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Bone Joint J, 2018, 100-B(8): 1025-1032.
48. Slattery C, Kark J, Wagner T, et al. The use of tranexamic acid to reduce surgical blood loss: a review basic science, subspecialty studies, and the evolution of use in spine deformity surgery. Clin Spine Surg, 2019, 32(2): 46-50.
49. Mangano DT, Miao Y, Vuylsteke A, et al. Mortality associated with aprotinin during 5 years following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA, 2007, 297(5): 471-479.
50. Calapai G, Gangemi S, Mannucci C, et al. Systematic review of tranexamic acid adverse reactions. Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 2015, 3(4). doi: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000171.
51. Zhang Y, Liu H, He F, et al. Does tranexamic acid improve bleeding, transfusion, and hemoglobin level in patients undergoing multilevel spine surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg, 2019, 127: 289-301.
52. Cheriyan T, Maier SP 2nd, Bianco K, et al. Efficacy of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding in spine surgery: a meta-analysis. Spine J, 2015, 15(4): 752-761.
53. 劉嘉明, 彭慧明, 沈建雄, 等. 脊柱手術中應用氨甲環酸的有效性和安全性薈萃分析. 中華外科雜志, 2010, 48(12): 937-942.
54. 黃智勇. 氨甲環酸藥物用于脊柱手術有效性與安全性的 Meta 分析. 現代實用醫學, 2017, 29(3): 357-359.
55. Kalavrouziotis D, Voisine P, Mohammadi S, et al. High-dose tranexamic acid is an independent predictor of early seizure after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 93(1): 148-154.
56. Upadhyay SP, Mallick PN, Jagia M, et al. Acute arterial thrombosis associated with inadvertent high dose of tranexamic acid. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2013, 17(4): 237-239.
57. Berman M, Cardone D, Sharples L, et al. Safety and efficacy of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in pulmonary endarterectomy surgery with hypothermia: review of 200 patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(5): 1432-1436.
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