Progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

LI Bohua , HUANG Fuguo ,  LIU Lei

Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding?author：

LIU Lei, Email: liuinsistence@163.com

Keywords：

Old calcaneal fracture; malunion of fracture; nonunion of fracture; progress of treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201703108

Video：

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Objective To review the progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures. Methods The related literature of treatments for old calcaneal fractures were reviewed and analyzed from the aspects such as the pathoanatomy, classifications, and surgical treatments. Results Old calcaneal fractures are common in clinical, the anatomical changes are very complicated. In addition to classical open reduction and internal fixation, arthrodesis, and osteotomy, techniques of minimally invasive operation, external fixator, and three-dimensional printing are more and more widely applied, treatments for old calcaneal fractures nonunion have also received increasing attention. Conclusion Although the perfect strategy for treating old calcaneal fractures has not yet been developed, great progress has been achieved recently, the personalized therapy need to be further studied, and therapies for the early stage old calcaneal fractures and old calcaneal fractures nonunion need to be further explored.

Citation： LI Bohua, HUANG Fuguo, LIU Lei. Progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2017, 31(10): 1273-1277. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201703108 Copy

1.	Bajammal S, Tornetta P 3rd, Sanders D, et al. Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2005, 19(5): 360-364.
2.	Jackson JB 3rd, Jacobson L, Banerjee R, et al. Distraction subtalar arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Clin, 2015, 20(2): 335-351.
3.	Banerjee R, Saltzman C, Anderson RB, et al. Management of calcaneal malunion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2011, 19(1): 27-36.
4.	Reddy V, Fukuda T, Ptaszek AJ. Calcaneus malunion and nonunion. Foot Ankle Clin, 2007, 12(1): 125-135.
5.	Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Fractures of the calcaneus: current treatment strategies. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2014, 81(3): 177-196.
6.	Sanders R, Vaupel ZM, Erdogan M, et al. Operative treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures: long-term (10-20 years) results in 108 fractures using a prognostic CT classification. J Orthop Truama, 2014, 28(10): 551-563.
7.	Clare MP, Lee WE 3rd, Sanders RW. Intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(5): 963-973.
8.	Lui TH, Chan KB. Arthroscopic management of late complications of calcaneal fractures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2013, 21(6): 1293-1299.
9.	Kumar N. Non-union of calcaneum-A rare complication of calcaneal fracture-A case report with brief review of literature. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2015, 6(3): 187-189.
10.	Lui TH. Posterior ankle impingement syndrome caused by malunion of joint depressed type calcaneal fracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2008, 16(7): 687-689.
11.	Silhanek AD, Ramdass R, Lombardi CM. The effect of primary fracture line location on the pattern and severity of intraarticular calcaneal fractures: a retrospective radiographic study. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2006, 45(4): 211-219.
12.	陳雁西, 俞光榮, 王明鑫, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合的足底壓力分析及其臨床意義. 中華創傷骨科雜志, 2007, 9(8): 756-759.0.
13.	Molloy AP, Myerson MS, Yoon P. Symptomatic nonunion after fracture of the calcaneum. Demographics and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2007, 89(9): 1218-1224.
14.	Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts, controversies and recent developments. Injury, 2004, 35(5): 443-461.
15.	Stephens HM, Sanders R. Calcaneal malunions: results of a prognostic computed tomography classification system. Foot Ankle Int, 1996, 17(7): 395-401.
16.	陳歌海, 鄭建河, 江欽文, 等.切開復位內固定治療 SandersI Ⅲ型陳舊性跟骨骨折的臨床療效分析. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2015, 30(6): 663-665.0.
17.	余文君, 徐靜, 林春博. 陳舊性跟骨骨折 46 例治療體會. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2014, 29(2): 197-198.0.
18.	黃雄飛. 早期陳舊性波及關節面跟骨骨折的手術治療. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2010, 25(6): 545-546.0.
19.	宋濤, 潘文杰, 梁曉軍, 等. 保留距下關節的切開復位內固定手術治療陳舊性跟骨骨折. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2012, 27(8): 763-764.0.
20.	Trnka HJ, Easley ME, Lam PW, et al. Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2001, 83(6): 849-854.
21.	Flemister AJ, Infante AF, Sanders RW, et al. Subtalar arthrodesis for complications of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int, 2000, 21(5): 392-399.
22.	Al-Ashhab ME. Treatment for calcaneal malunion. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2013, 23(8): 961-966.
23.	Chung HJ, Bae SY, Choo JW. Mid-term follow up results of subtalar distraction arthrodesis using a double bone-block for calcaneal malunion. Yonsei Med J, 2014, 55(4): 1087-1094.
24.	Chiang CC, Tzeng YH, Lin CF,et al. Subtalar distraction arthrodesis using fresh-frozen allogeneic femoral head augmented with local autograft. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(4): 550-556.
25.	潘文杰, 雷文淼, 肖琳, 等.經后外側入路距下關節撐開植骨融合治療陳舊性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2014, 29(4): 366-368.0.
26.	李逸群, 包杭生, 吳峰, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合治療現狀與展望. 中國矯形外科雜志, 2011, 19(8): 643-645.0.
27.	Romash MM. Reconstructive osteotomy of the calcaneus woth subtalat arthrodesis for malunited calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (290): 157-167.
28.	Rammelt S, Grass R, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for malunited intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2013, 27(10): e234-238.
29.	Rammelt S, Schneiders W, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for calcanean malunions. Unfallchirurg, 2014, 117(9): 776-784.
30.	Yu G, Hu SJ, Yang YF, et al. Reconstruction of calcaneal fracture malunion with osteotomy and subtalar joint salvage: technique and outcomes. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(5): 726-733.
31.	孫慶鵬. 跟骨丘部重建加距下關節融合術治療 SandersⅢ型跟骨關節內陳舊性骨折. 中國骨傷, 2013, 26(11): 897-900.0.
32.	de Groot IB, Reijman M, Luning HA, et al. Long-term results after a triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot: function and satisfaction in 36 patients. Int Orthop, 2008, 32(2): 237-241.
33.	Schepers T, Kieboom BC, Bessems GH, et al. Subtalar versus triple arthrodesis after intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2010, 5(2): 97-103.
34.	Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Corrective arthrodeses and osteotomies for post-traumatic hindfoot malalignment: indications, techniques, results. Int Orthop, 2013, 37(9): 1707-1717.
35.	Khurana A, Dhillon MS, Prabhakar S, et al. Outcome evaluation of minimally invasive surgery versus extensile lateral approach in management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A randomised control trial. Foot (Edinb), 2017, 31: 23-30.
36.	Godavitarne C, Fawzy E, Giancola G, et al. Cement Calcaneoplasty: An Innovative Method for Treating Nonunion in Calcaneal Insufficiency Fracture. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2016, 55(5): 1097-1099.
37.	Laporta G, Bock F, Ghate N. Posterior approach for subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis by compact external fixation: atechnique guide. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2013, 52(4): 547-552.
38.	謝鳴, 方真華, 趙晶晶, 等. Ilizarov 外固定支架治療 StephenⅢ型陳舊性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中華創傷骨科雜志, 2011, 13(2): 135-139.0.
39.	范偉力, 王子明, 趙玉峰, 等. 距下關節截骨緩慢延長治療陳舊性跟骨骨折. 創傷外科雜志, 2011, 13(3): 219-222.0.
40.	Chung KJ, Hong DY, Kim YT, et al. Preshaping plates for minimally invasive fixation of calcaneal fractures using a real-size 3D-printed model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool. Foot Ankle Int, 2014, 35(11): 1231-1236.
41.	Schepers T, Patka P. Calcaneal nonunion: three cases and a review of the literature. Arc Orthop Trauma Surg, 2008, 128(7): 735-738.

1. Bajammal S, Tornetta P 3rd, Sanders D, et al. Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2005, 19(5): 360-364.
2. Jackson JB 3rd, Jacobson L, Banerjee R, et al. Distraction subtalar arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Clin, 2015, 20(2): 335-351.
3. Banerjee R, Saltzman C, Anderson RB, et al. Management of calcaneal malunion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2011, 19(1): 27-36.
4. Reddy V, Fukuda T, Ptaszek AJ. Calcaneus malunion and nonunion. Foot Ankle Clin, 2007, 12(1): 125-135.
5. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Fractures of the calcaneus: current treatment strategies. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2014, 81(3): 177-196.
6. Sanders R, Vaupel ZM, Erdogan M, et al. Operative treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures: long-term (10-20 years) results in 108 fractures using a prognostic CT classification. J Orthop Truama, 2014, 28(10): 551-563.
7. Clare MP, Lee WE 3rd, Sanders RW. Intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(5): 963-973.
8. Lui TH, Chan KB. Arthroscopic management of late complications of calcaneal fractures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2013, 21(6): 1293-1299.
9. Kumar N. Non-union of calcaneum-A rare complication of calcaneal fracture-A case report with brief review of literature. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2015, 6(3): 187-189.
10. Lui TH. Posterior ankle impingement syndrome caused by malunion of joint depressed type calcaneal fracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2008, 16(7): 687-689.
11. Silhanek AD, Ramdass R, Lombardi CM. The effect of primary fracture line location on the pattern and severity of intraarticular calcaneal fractures: a retrospective radiographic study. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2006, 45(4): 211-219.
12. 陳雁西, 俞光榮, 王明鑫, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合的足底壓力分析及其臨床意義. 中華創傷骨科雜志, 2007, 9(8): 756-759.0.
13. Molloy AP, Myerson MS, Yoon P. Symptomatic nonunion after fracture of the calcaneum. Demographics and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2007, 89(9): 1218-1224.
14. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts, controversies and recent developments. Injury, 2004, 35(5): 443-461.
15. Stephens HM, Sanders R. Calcaneal malunions: results of a prognostic computed tomography classification system. Foot Ankle Int, 1996, 17(7): 395-401.
16. 陳歌海, 鄭建河, 江欽文, 等.切開復位內固定治療 SandersI Ⅲ型陳舊性跟骨骨折的臨床療效分析. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2015, 30(6): 663-665.0.
17. 余文君, 徐靜, 林春博. 陳舊性跟骨骨折 46 例治療體會. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2014, 29(2): 197-198.0.
18. 黃雄飛. 早期陳舊性波及關節面跟骨骨折的手術治療. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2010, 25(6): 545-546.0.
19. 宋濤, 潘文杰, 梁曉軍, 等. 保留距下關節的切開復位內固定手術治療陳舊性跟骨骨折. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2012, 27(8): 763-764.0.
20. Trnka HJ, Easley ME, Lam PW, et al. Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2001, 83(6): 849-854.
21. Flemister AJ, Infante AF, Sanders RW, et al. Subtalar arthrodesis for complications of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int, 2000, 21(5): 392-399.
22. Al-Ashhab ME. Treatment for calcaneal malunion. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2013, 23(8): 961-966.
23. Chung HJ, Bae SY, Choo JW. Mid-term follow up results of subtalar distraction arthrodesis using a double bone-block for calcaneal malunion. Yonsei Med J, 2014, 55(4): 1087-1094.
24. Chiang CC, Tzeng YH, Lin CF,et al. Subtalar distraction arthrodesis using fresh-frozen allogeneic femoral head augmented with local autograft. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(4): 550-556.
25. 潘文杰, 雷文淼, 肖琳, 等.經后外側入路距下關節撐開植骨融合治療陳舊性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中國骨與關節損傷雜志, 2014, 29(4): 366-368.0.
26. 李逸群, 包杭生, 吳峰, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合治療現狀與展望. 中國矯形外科雜志, 2011, 19(8): 643-645.0.
27. Romash MM. Reconstructive osteotomy of the calcaneus woth subtalat arthrodesis for malunited calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (290): 157-167.
28. Rammelt S, Grass R, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for malunited intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2013, 27(10): e234-238.
29. Rammelt S, Schneiders W, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for calcanean malunions. Unfallchirurg, 2014, 117(9): 776-784.
30. Yu G, Hu SJ, Yang YF, et al. Reconstruction of calcaneal fracture malunion with osteotomy and subtalar joint salvage: technique and outcomes. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(5): 726-733.
31. 孫慶鵬. 跟骨丘部重建加距下關節融合術治療 SandersⅢ型跟骨關節內陳舊性骨折. 中國骨傷, 2013, 26(11): 897-900.0.
32. de Groot IB, Reijman M, Luning HA, et al. Long-term results after a triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot: function and satisfaction in 36 patients. Int Orthop, 2008, 32(2): 237-241.
33. Schepers T, Kieboom BC, Bessems GH, et al. Subtalar versus triple arthrodesis after intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2010, 5(2): 97-103.
34. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Corrective arthrodeses and osteotomies for post-traumatic hindfoot malalignment: indications, techniques, results. Int Orthop, 2013, 37(9): 1707-1717.
35. Khurana A, Dhillon MS, Prabhakar S, et al. Outcome evaluation of minimally invasive surgery versus extensile lateral approach in management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A randomised control trial. Foot (Edinb), 2017, 31: 23-30.
36. Godavitarne C, Fawzy E, Giancola G, et al. Cement Calcaneoplasty: An Innovative Method for Treating Nonunion in Calcaneal Insufficiency Fracture. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2016, 55(5): 1097-1099.
37. Laporta G, Bock F, Ghate N. Posterior approach for subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis by compact external fixation: atechnique guide. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2013, 52(4): 547-552.
38. 謝鳴, 方真華, 趙晶晶, 等. Ilizarov 外固定支架治療 StephenⅢ型陳舊性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中華創傷骨科雜志, 2011, 13(2): 135-139.0.
39. 范偉力, 王子明, 趙玉峰, 等. 距下關節截骨緩慢延長治療陳舊性跟骨骨折. 創傷外科雜志, 2011, 13(3): 219-222.0.
40. Chung KJ, Hong DY, Kim YT, et al. Preshaping plates for minimally invasive fixation of calcaneal fractures using a real-size 3D-printed model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool. Foot Ankle Int, 2014, 35(11): 1231-1236.
41. Schepers T, Patka P. Calcaneal nonunion: three cases and a review of the literature. Arc Orthop Trauma Surg, 2008, 128(7): 735-738.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures

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