Thoughts on prevention and management strategies for surgical site infection_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

GUO Yijun , YANG Xuying , RAO Youhua ,  LI Lianhong

Department of Infection Management, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P. R China;

Corresponding?author：

LI Lianhong, Email: lianhong_li@163.com

Keywords：

Surgical site infection; prevention; hospital infection management; strategy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202412209

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common hospital acquired infection that can increase medical burden and affect patient prognosis. Its occurrence involves multiple factors such as the patient’s basic condition and perioperative management quality. Although there is a basic consensus on SSI prevention in domestic and foreign guidelines, there are still differences between the recommendations in the guidelines and infection prevention and control management. To further promote the implementation of the guidelines, this article reviews the key preventive measures for SSI in domestic and foreign guidelines from preoperative skin preparation, intraoperative standardized operation, and postoperative incision management, and explores in depth the management strategies of SSI, in order to provide a reference for building a full process infection prevention and control system for SSI.

Citation： GUO Yijun, YANG Xuying, RAO Youhua, LI Lianhong. Thoughts on prevention and management strategies for surgical site infection. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(3): 447-453. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202412209 Copy

1.	中華人民共和國衛生部. 醫院感染診斷標準(試行). 中華醫學雜志, 2001, 81(5): 314-320.
2.	Seidelman JL, Mantyh CR, Anderson DJ. Surgical site infection prevention: a review. JAMA, 2023, 329(3): 244-252.
3.	Ching P. Care bundles in surgical site infection prevention: a narrative review. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2024, 26(6): 163-172.
4.	Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, et al. Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. J Hosp Infect, 2017, 96(1): 1-15.
5.	Avsar P, Patton D, Ousey K, et al. The impact of surgical site infection on health-related quality of life: a systematic review. Wound Manag Prev, 2021, 67(6): 10-19.
6.	Wang Q, Cao M, Tao H, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the prevention and management of perioperative infection. J Evid Based Med, 2023, 16(1): 50-67.
7.	Calderwood MS, Anderson DJ, Bratzler DW, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2023, 44(5): 695-720.
8.	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2020: 1-27.
9.	中華醫學會外科學分會外科感染與重癥醫學學組, 中國醫師協會外科醫師分會腸瘺外科醫師專業委員會. 中國手術部位感染預防指南. 中華胃腸外科雜志, 2019, 22(4): 301-314.
10.	Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Abbas A, et al. APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2019, 8: 174.
11.	World Health Organization. Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018: 1-184.
12.	Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg, 2017, 152(8): 784-791.
13.	衛生部辦公廳. 衛生部辦公廳關于印發《外科手術部位感染預防與控制技術指南(試行)》等三個技術文件的通知. 北京: 衛生部辦公廳, 2010.
14.	Harikumar V, Anvery N, Haq M, et al. Risk factors for hospital-based surgical site infections. Arch Dermatol Res, 2023, 316(1): 43.
15.	Bone M, Latimer S, Walker RM, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections following hepatobiliary surgery: an umbrella review and meta-analyses. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2025, 51(1): 109468.
16.	Ranson WA, White SJW, Cheung ZB, et al. The effects of chronic preoperative steroid therapy on perioperative complications following elective posterior lumbar fusion. Global Spine J, 2018, 8(8): 834-841.
17.	Qi H, Duan W, Jia R, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after patellar fracture surgery in the elderly. J Orthop Surg Res, 2024, 19(1): 830.
18.	Sun D, Ma Z, Geng Y, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for neurosurgical surgical site infection following craniotomy. Int Wound J, 2024, 21(4): e14542.
19.	Chen Y, Guo H, Gao T, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for surgical site infection in patients with colorectal cancer. Int Wound J, 2023, 21(2): e14459.
20.	Xue DQ, Qian C, Yang L, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(5): 375-381.
21.	Miwa S, Shirai T, Yamamoto N, et al. Risk factors for postoperative deep infection in bone tumors. PLoS One, 2017, 12(11): e0187438.
22.	Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to guide: prevent surgical site infection for hip and knee arthroplasty. Cambridge: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012: 1-28.
23.	Jalalzadeh H, Groenen H, Buis DR, et al. Efficacy of different preoperative skin antiseptics on the incidence of surgical site infections: a systematic review, GRADE assessment, and network meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe, 2022, 3(10): e762-e771.
24.	國家衛生計生委辦公廳. 關于印發抗菌藥物臨床應用指導原則(2015 年版)的通知. 中華人民共和國國家衛生和計劃生育委員會公報, 2015(7): 29.
25.	de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Koch AH, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infection: TAPAS, an observational cohort study. Ann Surg, 2021, 274(4): e308-e314.
26.	de Jonge SW, Gans SL, Atema JJ, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in 54, 552 patients and the risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(29): e6903.
27.	陳莉明, 陳偉, 陳燕燕, 等. 成人圍手術期血糖監測專家共識. 中國糖尿病雜志, 2021, 29(2): 81-85.
28.	國家麻醉專業質量控制中心. 圍術期患者低體溫防治專家共識(2023 版). 協和醫學雜志, 2023, 14(4): 734-743.
29.	Norman G, Goh EL, Dumville JC, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 6(6): CD009261.
30.	Akhter AS, McGahan BG, Close L, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in spinal fusion patients. Int Wound J, 2021, 18(2): 158-163.
31.	Bischoff P, Kubilay NZ, Allegranzi B, et al. Effect of laminar airflow ventilation on surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17(5): 553-561.
32.	Gaines S, Luo JN, Gilbert J, et al. Optimum operating room environment for the prevention of surgical site infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2017, 18(4): 503-507.
33.	de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Solomkin JS, et al. Effect of postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020, 20(10): 1182-1192.
34.	Velozo BC, Garcia de Avila MA, Torres EA, et al. Evaluating antibiotic prophylaxis adherence: implications for surgical site infections and wound care management. J Tissue Viability, 2024, 33(3): 412-417.
35.	Drinkwater CJ, Neil MJ. Optimal timing of wound drain removal following total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 1995, 10(2): 185-189.
36.	Saleh K, Olson M, Resig S, et al. Predictors of wound infection in hip and knee joint replacement: results from a 20 year surveillance program. J Orthop Res, 2002, 20(3): 506-515.
37.	Strahovnik A, Fokter SK, Kotnik M. Comparison of drainage techniques on prolonged serous drainage after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2010, 25(2): 244-248.
38.	Zamora-Navas P, Collado-Torres F, de la Torre-Solís F. Closed suction drainage after knee arthroplasty. A prospective study of the effectiveness of the operation and of bacterial contamination. Acta Orthop Belg, 1999, 65(1): 44-47.
39.	Shi H, Huang ZH, Huang Y, et al. Which criterion for wound drain removal is better following posterior 1-level or 2-level lumbar fusion with instrumentation: time driven or output driven?. Global Spine J, 2023, 13(4): 1017-1023.
40.	Rehman HU, Iqbal A, Ahmad I, et al. Exploring the impact of risk factors, preventive measures, and management strategies on surgical site infections in general surgery: a comprehensive assessment. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2024, 36(2): 364-368.
41.	Delaplain PT, Santos J, Barie PS, et al. Self-reported diagnosis and management of surgical site infection highlights lack of objective measures and treatment guidance. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2023, 24(7): 598-605.
42.	王力紅. 以評促建持續提升醫院感染防控核心競爭力. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2023, 33(10): 1441-1443.
43.	Sganga G, Baguneid M, Dohmen P, et al. Management of superficial and deep surgical site infection: an international multidisciplinary consensus. Updates Surg, 2021, 73(4): 1315-1325.
44.	Ryu M, Yoo H, Choi YK. National hospital quality measures for surgical site infections in South Korea: a survey among 20 expert physicians. Patient Saf Surg, 2020, 14: 29.
45.	Hassan S, Chan V, Stevens J, et al. Factors that influence adherence to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines: a systematic review. Syst Rev, 2021, 10(1): 29.
46.	Kaier K, Wolkewitz M, Hehn P, et al. The impact of hospital-acquired infections on the patient-level reimbursement-cost relationship in a DRG-based hospital payment system. Int J Health Econ Manag, 2020, 20(1): 1-11.
47.	王楠, 陳斌, 杜金閣, 等. 醫院外科醫生手術部位醫院感染知識知曉情況調查. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2019, 29(15): 2392-2396.
48.	Tomsic I, Ebadi E, Gossé F, et al. Determinants of orthopedic physicians’ self-reported compliance with surgical site infection prevention: results of the WACH-trial’s pilot survey on COM-B factors in a German university hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2021, 10(1): 67.
49.	Nettelrodt KME, Tomsic I, Stolz M, et al. Psychometric properties of scales assessing psychosocial determinants of staff compliance with surgical site infection prevention: the WACH-study. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2024, 17: 2757-2767.
50.	程文琴, 樊麗潔, 于曉寒, 等. 醫院感染管理現狀態勢分析及管理策略研究進展. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2024, 34(23): 3656-3661.
51.	Kang M, Andrew ME, Farishta A, et al. Best practices and a business case for surgical site infection prevention. AORN J, 2023, 117(5): 277-290.
52.	Han?er AT, Yilmaz M. The effect of a checklist for perioperative hyperglycemia management on surgical site infections: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs, 2023, 38(1): 108-117.
53.	Khan MNA, Verstegen DML, Shahid A, et al. The impact of interprofessional task-based training on the prevention of surgical site infection in a low-income country. BMC Med Educ, 2021, 21(1): 607.
54.	Martinez-Sobalvarro JV, Júnior AAP, Pereira LB, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infections: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pharm, 2022, 44(2): 301-319.
55.	Awad F, Searle D, Walmsley K, et al. The exeter knee infection multi disciplinary team approach to managing prosthetic knee infections: a qualitative analysis. J Orthop, 2019, 18: 86-90.
56.	Cousin AS, Bouletreau P, Giai J, et al. Severity and long-term complications of surgical site infections after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 12015.
57.	陸春紅, 陳珠, 馬云霄, 等. 感控專職小組對婦產科患者手術部位感染的影響. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2017, 27(19): 4545-4548.
58.	World Health Organization. Core competencies for infection prevention and control professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020: 1-69.
59.	黃慧敏, 穆小蘇, 李亞楠, 等. 防范公共衛生風險的醫院感染防控行為及其影響因素——基于扎根理論的探索性分析. 中國醫院管理, 2019, 39(5): 39-41.
60.	Billings C, Bernard H, Caffery L, et al. Advancing the profession: an updated future-oriented competency model for professional development in infection prevention and control. Am J Infect Control, 2019, 47(6): 602-614.
61.	Petrosyan Y, Thavorn K, Smith G, et al. Predicting postoperative surgical site infection with administrative data: a random forests algorithm. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2021, 21(1): 179.
62.	Wang H, Fan T, Yang B, et al. Development and internal validation of supervised machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of surgical site infection following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 771608.
63.	McLean KA, Knight SR, Clark N, et al. Development and external validation of the ‘Global Surgical-Site Infection’ (GloSSI) predictive model in adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg, 2024, 111(6): 1-22.

1. 中華人民共和國衛生部. 醫院感染診斷標準(試行). 中華醫學雜志, 2001, 81(5): 314-320.
2. Seidelman JL, Mantyh CR, Anderson DJ. Surgical site infection prevention: a review. JAMA, 2023, 329(3): 244-252.
3. Ching P. Care bundles in surgical site infection prevention: a narrative review. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2024, 26(6): 163-172.
4. Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, et al. Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. J Hosp Infect, 2017, 96(1): 1-15.
5. Avsar P, Patton D, Ousey K, et al. The impact of surgical site infection on health-related quality of life: a systematic review. Wound Manag Prev, 2021, 67(6): 10-19.
6. Wang Q, Cao M, Tao H, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the prevention and management of perioperative infection. J Evid Based Med, 2023, 16(1): 50-67.
7. Calderwood MS, Anderson DJ, Bratzler DW, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2023, 44(5): 695-720.
8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2020: 1-27.
9. 中華醫學會外科學分會外科感染與重癥醫學學組, 中國醫師協會外科醫師分會腸瘺外科醫師專業委員會. 中國手術部位感染預防指南. 中華胃腸外科雜志, 2019, 22(4): 301-314.
10. Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Abbas A, et al. APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2019, 8: 174.
11. World Health Organization. Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018: 1-184.
12. Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg, 2017, 152(8): 784-791.
13. 衛生部辦公廳. 衛生部辦公廳關于印發《外科手術部位感染預防與控制技術指南(試行)》等三個技術文件的通知. 北京: 衛生部辦公廳, 2010.
14. Harikumar V, Anvery N, Haq M, et al. Risk factors for hospital-based surgical site infections. Arch Dermatol Res, 2023, 316(1): 43.
15. Bone M, Latimer S, Walker RM, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections following hepatobiliary surgery: an umbrella review and meta-analyses. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2025, 51(1): 109468.
16. Ranson WA, White SJW, Cheung ZB, et al. The effects of chronic preoperative steroid therapy on perioperative complications following elective posterior lumbar fusion. Global Spine J, 2018, 8(8): 834-841.
17. Qi H, Duan W, Jia R, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after patellar fracture surgery in the elderly. J Orthop Surg Res, 2024, 19(1): 830.
18. Sun D, Ma Z, Geng Y, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for neurosurgical surgical site infection following craniotomy. Int Wound J, 2024, 21(4): e14542.
19. Chen Y, Guo H, Gao T, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for surgical site infection in patients with colorectal cancer. Int Wound J, 2023, 21(2): e14459.
20. Xue DQ, Qian C, Yang L, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(5): 375-381.
21. Miwa S, Shirai T, Yamamoto N, et al. Risk factors for postoperative deep infection in bone tumors. PLoS One, 2017, 12(11): e0187438.
22. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to guide: prevent surgical site infection for hip and knee arthroplasty. Cambridge: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012: 1-28.
23. Jalalzadeh H, Groenen H, Buis DR, et al. Efficacy of different preoperative skin antiseptics on the incidence of surgical site infections: a systematic review, GRADE assessment, and network meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe, 2022, 3(10): e762-e771.
24. 國家衛生計生委辦公廳. 關于印發抗菌藥物臨床應用指導原則(2015 年版)的通知. 中華人民共和國國家衛生和計劃生育委員會公報, 2015(7): 29.
25. de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Koch AH, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infection: TAPAS, an observational cohort study. Ann Surg, 2021, 274(4): e308-e314.
26. de Jonge SW, Gans SL, Atema JJ, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in 54, 552 patients and the risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(29): e6903.
27. 陳莉明, 陳偉, 陳燕燕, 等. 成人圍手術期血糖監測專家共識. 中國糖尿病雜志, 2021, 29(2): 81-85.
28. 國家麻醉專業質量控制中心. 圍術期患者低體溫防治專家共識(2023 版). 協和醫學雜志, 2023, 14(4): 734-743.
29. Norman G, Goh EL, Dumville JC, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 6(6): CD009261.
30. Akhter AS, McGahan BG, Close L, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in spinal fusion patients. Int Wound J, 2021, 18(2): 158-163.
31. Bischoff P, Kubilay NZ, Allegranzi B, et al. Effect of laminar airflow ventilation on surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17(5): 553-561.
32. Gaines S, Luo JN, Gilbert J, et al. Optimum operating room environment for the prevention of surgical site infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2017, 18(4): 503-507.
33. de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Solomkin JS, et al. Effect of postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020, 20(10): 1182-1192.
34. Velozo BC, Garcia de Avila MA, Torres EA, et al. Evaluating antibiotic prophylaxis adherence: implications for surgical site infections and wound care management. J Tissue Viability, 2024, 33(3): 412-417.
35. Drinkwater CJ, Neil MJ. Optimal timing of wound drain removal following total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 1995, 10(2): 185-189.
36. Saleh K, Olson M, Resig S, et al. Predictors of wound infection in hip and knee joint replacement: results from a 20 year surveillance program. J Orthop Res, 2002, 20(3): 506-515.
37. Strahovnik A, Fokter SK, Kotnik M. Comparison of drainage techniques on prolonged serous drainage after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2010, 25(2): 244-248.
38. Zamora-Navas P, Collado-Torres F, de la Torre-Solís F. Closed suction drainage after knee arthroplasty. A prospective study of the effectiveness of the operation and of bacterial contamination. Acta Orthop Belg, 1999, 65(1): 44-47.
39. Shi H, Huang ZH, Huang Y, et al. Which criterion for wound drain removal is better following posterior 1-level or 2-level lumbar fusion with instrumentation: time driven or output driven?. Global Spine J, 2023, 13(4): 1017-1023.
40. Rehman HU, Iqbal A, Ahmad I, et al. Exploring the impact of risk factors, preventive measures, and management strategies on surgical site infections in general surgery: a comprehensive assessment. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2024, 36(2): 364-368.
41. Delaplain PT, Santos J, Barie PS, et al. Self-reported diagnosis and management of surgical site infection highlights lack of objective measures and treatment guidance. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2023, 24(7): 598-605.
42. 王力紅. 以評促建持續提升醫院感染防控核心競爭力. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2023, 33(10): 1441-1443.
43. Sganga G, Baguneid M, Dohmen P, et al. Management of superficial and deep surgical site infection: an international multidisciplinary consensus. Updates Surg, 2021, 73(4): 1315-1325.
44. Ryu M, Yoo H, Choi YK. National hospital quality measures for surgical site infections in South Korea: a survey among 20 expert physicians. Patient Saf Surg, 2020, 14: 29.
45. Hassan S, Chan V, Stevens J, et al. Factors that influence adherence to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines: a systematic review. Syst Rev, 2021, 10(1): 29.
46. Kaier K, Wolkewitz M, Hehn P, et al. The impact of hospital-acquired infections on the patient-level reimbursement-cost relationship in a DRG-based hospital payment system. Int J Health Econ Manag, 2020, 20(1): 1-11.
47. 王楠, 陳斌, 杜金閣, 等. 醫院外科醫生手術部位醫院感染知識知曉情況調查. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2019, 29(15): 2392-2396.
48. Tomsic I, Ebadi E, Gossé F, et al. Determinants of orthopedic physicians’ self-reported compliance with surgical site infection prevention: results of the WACH-trial’s pilot survey on COM-B factors in a German university hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2021, 10(1): 67.
49. Nettelrodt KME, Tomsic I, Stolz M, et al. Psychometric properties of scales assessing psychosocial determinants of staff compliance with surgical site infection prevention: the WACH-study. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2024, 17: 2757-2767.
50. 程文琴, 樊麗潔, 于曉寒, 等. 醫院感染管理現狀態勢分析及管理策略研究進展. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2024, 34(23): 3656-3661.
51. Kang M, Andrew ME, Farishta A, et al. Best practices and a business case for surgical site infection prevention. AORN J, 2023, 117(5): 277-290.
52. Han?er AT, Yilmaz M. The effect of a checklist for perioperative hyperglycemia management on surgical site infections: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs, 2023, 38(1): 108-117.
53. Khan MNA, Verstegen DML, Shahid A, et al. The impact of interprofessional task-based training on the prevention of surgical site infection in a low-income country. BMC Med Educ, 2021, 21(1): 607.
54. Martinez-Sobalvarro JV, Júnior AAP, Pereira LB, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infections: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pharm, 2022, 44(2): 301-319.
55. Awad F, Searle D, Walmsley K, et al. The exeter knee infection multi disciplinary team approach to managing prosthetic knee infections: a qualitative analysis. J Orthop, 2019, 18: 86-90.
56. Cousin AS, Bouletreau P, Giai J, et al. Severity and long-term complications of surgical site infections after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 12015.
57. 陸春紅, 陳珠, 馬云霄, 等. 感控專職小組對婦產科患者手術部位感染的影響. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2017, 27(19): 4545-4548.
58. World Health Organization. Core competencies for infection prevention and control professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020: 1-69.
59. 黃慧敏, 穆小蘇, 李亞楠, 等. 防范公共衛生風險的醫院感染防控行為及其影響因素——基于扎根理論的探索性分析. 中國醫院管理, 2019, 39(5): 39-41.
60. Billings C, Bernard H, Caffery L, et al. Advancing the profession: an updated future-oriented competency model for professional development in infection prevention and control. Am J Infect Control, 2019, 47(6): 602-614.
61. Petrosyan Y, Thavorn K, Smith G, et al. Predicting postoperative surgical site infection with administrative data: a random forests algorithm. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2021, 21(1): 179.
62. Wang H, Fan T, Yang B, et al. Development and internal validation of supervised machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of surgical site infection following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 771608.
63. McLean KA, Knight SR, Clark N, et al. Development and external validation of the ‘Global Surgical-Site Infection’ (GloSSI) predictive model in adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg, 2024, 111(6): 1-22.

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Thoughts on prevention and management strategies for surgical site infection

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