Trend and prediction analysis of the changing disease burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WU Shufa ¹ , CAO Rudai ¹ , HUANG Wenlong ¹ , LEI Yingying ² , LIN Yibo ¹ ,  WU Zhuguo ^1,3 ,  ZHANG Bingsong ^1,3 ,  YU Haibing ^1,3

1. School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Cardiovascular Center, Dongguan First Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China;
2. School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China;
3. The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WU Zhuguo, Email: wugdmc@126.com; ZHANG Bingsong, Email: zhangbingsong@gdmu.edu.cn; YU Haibing, Email: hby616688@gdmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Hypertensive nephropathy; disease burden; risk factors; autoregressive integrated moving average model

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202411184

Video：

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Objective To assess the burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and the world from 1990 to 2021 and predict future trends. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease Database 2021, standardized prevalence, standardized mortality and standardized disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates were used to describe the burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and the world from 1990 to 2021. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and autoregressive integrated moving average model were used to reveal the trend of disease burden. Results From 1990 to 2021, the EAPCs of standardized prevalence, standardized mortality and standardized DALY rates of hypertensive nephropathy in China were ?0.61% (?0.73%, ?0.50%), ?0.77% (?0.85%, ?0.69%), and ?1.00% (?1.09%, ?0.91%), respectively. The global EAPCs for standardized prevalence, standardized mortality, and standardized DALY rates of hypertensive nephropathy were ?0.16% (?0.18%, ?0.13%), 0.97% (0.91%, 1.03%), and 0.63% (0.58%, 0.67%), respectively. The standardized prevalence rate, standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate of hypertensive nephropathy in China all showed a downward trend, and the global standardized prevalence rate also showed a downward trend, while the global standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate showed an upward trend, and the indicators of disease burden in China were lower than the global level. The standardized mortality rate and the standardized DALY rate of hypertensive nephropathy were higher in males than in females. With the increase of age, the disease burden indicators of hypertensive nephropathy in China and the world were on the rise, and the age of disease and death were concentrated in the age group over 65 years old. Renal dysfunction and hypertension were important risk factors for death in hypertensive nephropathy patients. It was estimated that from 2022 to 2040, the standardized prevalence rate and mortality rate of hypertensive nephropathy would be on the rise in China and the world, and the standardized DALY rate would be on the rise in the world, while in China it would be on the decline. Conclusions The burden of hypertensive nephropathy is heavy in China and the world from 1990 to 2021, and the control of hypertension and prevention of renal dysfunction should be strengthened. It is estimated that the standardized prevalence and mortality of hypertensive nephropathy will increase in China and the world from 2022 to 2040, and the disease burden will remain heavy.

Citation： WU Shufa, CAO Rudai, HUANG Wenlong, LEI Yingying, LIN Yibo, WU Zhuguo, ZHANG Bingsong, YU Haibing. Trend and prediction analysis of the changing disease burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(7): 1084-1090. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202411184 Copy

1.	趙紅麗, 張曉鳳, 農婷. 基于 citeSpace 的中醫藥治療高血壓腎病知識圖譜可視化分析. 中國中西醫結合腎病雜志, 2023, 24(10): 889-892, 944.
2.	GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2020, 395(10225): 709-733.
3.	He L, Xue B, Wang B, et al. Impact of high, low, and non-optimum temperatures on chronic kidney disease in a changing climate, 1990-2019: a global analysis. Environ Res, 2022, 212(Pt A): 113172.
4.	柯昌榮, 趙樹勇, 玄美燕, 等. 中國 1990—2019 年慢性腎病疾病負擔及變化趨勢分析. 中國預防醫學雜志, 2021, 22(10): 757-761.
5.	Yang K, Yang X, Jin C, et al. Global burden of type 1 diabetes in adults aged 65 years and older, 1990-2019: population based study. BMJ, 2024, 385: e078432.
6.	GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132.
7.	Clark SN, Anenberg SC, Brauer M. Global burden of disease from environmental factors. Annu Rev Public Health, 2025, 46(1): 233-251.
8.	莊培霞. 風險分級模式的護理干預用于高血壓腎病血透患者中對并發癥及預后的干預研究. 心血管病防治知識, 2023, 13(26): 36-38.
9.	王琳琳, 馮佳莉, 劉圣君, 等. 螺內酯聯合沙庫巴曲纈沙坦治療高血壓腎病患者的臨床研究. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2024, 40(8): 1091-1095.
10.	Pan X, Lin X, Huang X, et al. The burden of diabetes-related chronic kidney disease in China from 1990 to 2019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13: 892860.
11.	Gui C, Shan X, Liu C, et al. Disease burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to lead exposure: a global analysis of 30 years since 1990. Chemosphere, 2023, 341: 140029.
12.	張興元. 高收縮壓相關的全球疾病負擔研究. 武漢: 武漢大學, 2022.
13.	林玲, 黃捷, 房星星, 等. 1990—2019 年江蘇省慢性腎病流行與疾病負擔變化趨勢. 中國預防醫學雜志, 2023, 24(12): 1339-1344.
14.	Dávila-Cervantes CA, Agudelo-Botero M. Young-onset chronic kidney disease in Mexico: secondary analysis of global burden of disease study, 1990-2019. Prev Med, 2024, 181: 107901.
15.	Song J, Pan T, Xu Z, et al. A systematic analysis of chronic kidney disease burden attributable to lead exposure based on the global burden of disease study 2019. Sci Total Environ, 2024, 908: 168189.
16.	Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, et al. The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2018, 14(7): 442-456.
17.	Kalaitzidis RG, Elisaf MS. Treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2018, 20(8): 64.
18.	Hamrahian SM. Management of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2017, 19(5): 43.
19.	Burnier M, Damianaki A. Hypertension as cardiovascular risk factor in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res, 2023, 132(8): 1050-1063.
20.	Zhao WM, Li XL, Shi R, et al. Global, regional and national burden of CKD in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2024, 39(8): 1268-1278.
21.	陳旭鵬, 尉力文, 嚴子康, 等. 1990—2019 年江蘇省 2 型糖尿病所致慢性腎病疾病負擔及變化趨勢分析. 實用預防醫學, 2023, 30(1): 26-30.
22.	周智華, 宓金融, 黎倩欣, 等. 基于大數據的廣州市慢性腎病疾病負擔及變化趨勢分析. 中國公共衛生管理, 2023, 39(4): 474-477.
23.	Zhakhina G, Mussina K, Yerdessov S, et al. Analysis of chronic kidney disease epidemiology in Kazakhstan using nationwide data for 2014-2020 and forecasting future trends of prevalence and mortality for 2030. Ren Fail, 2024, 46(1): 2326312.
24.	Li Y, Ning Y, Shen B, et al. Temporal trends in prevalence and mortality for chronic kidney disease in China from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Clin Kidney J, 2022, 16(2): 312-321.
25.	Bu Y, Liu Y, Zhou M, et al. The burden of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease - China, 2010-2019. China CDC Wkly, 2024, 6(14): 282-288.
26.	GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2133-2161.

1. 趙紅麗, 張曉鳳, 農婷. 基于 citeSpace 的中醫藥治療高血壓腎病知識圖譜可視化分析. 中國中西醫結合腎病雜志, 2023, 24(10): 889-892, 944.
2. GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2020, 395(10225): 709-733.
3. He L, Xue B, Wang B, et al. Impact of high, low, and non-optimum temperatures on chronic kidney disease in a changing climate, 1990-2019: a global analysis. Environ Res, 2022, 212(Pt A): 113172.
4. 柯昌榮, 趙樹勇, 玄美燕, 等. 中國 1990—2019 年慢性腎病疾病負擔及變化趨勢分析. 中國預防醫學雜志, 2021, 22(10): 757-761.
5. Yang K, Yang X, Jin C, et al. Global burden of type 1 diabetes in adults aged 65 years and older, 1990-2019: population based study. BMJ, 2024, 385: e078432.
6. GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132.
7. Clark SN, Anenberg SC, Brauer M. Global burden of disease from environmental factors. Annu Rev Public Health, 2025, 46(1): 233-251.
8. 莊培霞. 風險分級模式的護理干預用于高血壓腎病血透患者中對并發癥及預后的干預研究. 心血管病防治知識, 2023, 13(26): 36-38.
9. 王琳琳, 馮佳莉, 劉圣君, 等. 螺內酯聯合沙庫巴曲纈沙坦治療高血壓腎病患者的臨床研究. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2024, 40(8): 1091-1095.
10. Pan X, Lin X, Huang X, et al. The burden of diabetes-related chronic kidney disease in China from 1990 to 2019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13: 892860.
11. Gui C, Shan X, Liu C, et al. Disease burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to lead exposure: a global analysis of 30 years since 1990. Chemosphere, 2023, 341: 140029.
12. 張興元. 高收縮壓相關的全球疾病負擔研究. 武漢: 武漢大學, 2022.
13. 林玲, 黃捷, 房星星, 等. 1990—2019 年江蘇省慢性腎病流行與疾病負擔變化趨勢. 中國預防醫學雜志, 2023, 24(12): 1339-1344.
14. Dávila-Cervantes CA, Agudelo-Botero M. Young-onset chronic kidney disease in Mexico: secondary analysis of global burden of disease study, 1990-2019. Prev Med, 2024, 181: 107901.
15. Song J, Pan T, Xu Z, et al. A systematic analysis of chronic kidney disease burden attributable to lead exposure based on the global burden of disease study 2019. Sci Total Environ, 2024, 908: 168189.
16. Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, et al. The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2018, 14(7): 442-456.
17. Kalaitzidis RG, Elisaf MS. Treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2018, 20(8): 64.
18. Hamrahian SM. Management of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2017, 19(5): 43.
19. Burnier M, Damianaki A. Hypertension as cardiovascular risk factor in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res, 2023, 132(8): 1050-1063.
20. Zhao WM, Li XL, Shi R, et al. Global, regional and national burden of CKD in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2024, 39(8): 1268-1278.
21. 陳旭鵬, 尉力文, 嚴子康, 等. 1990—2019 年江蘇省 2 型糖尿病所致慢性腎病疾病負擔及變化趨勢分析. 實用預防醫學, 2023, 30(1): 26-30.
22. 周智華, 宓金融, 黎倩欣, 等. 基于大數據的廣州市慢性腎病疾病負擔及變化趨勢分析. 中國公共衛生管理, 2023, 39(4): 474-477.
23. Zhakhina G, Mussina K, Yerdessov S, et al. Analysis of chronic kidney disease epidemiology in Kazakhstan using nationwide data for 2014-2020 and forecasting future trends of prevalence and mortality for 2030. Ren Fail, 2024, 46(1): 2326312.
24. Li Y, Ning Y, Shen B, et al. Temporal trends in prevalence and mortality for chronic kidney disease in China from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Clin Kidney J, 2022, 16(2): 312-321.
25. Bu Y, Liu Y, Zhou M, et al. The burden of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease - China, 2010-2019. China CDC Wkly, 2024, 6(14): 282-288.
26. GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2133-2161.

West China Medical Journal

Trend and prediction analysis of the changing disease burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021

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