Advances, advantages, and limitations of different disinfection technologies_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

LI Jing ¹ , CHEN Tingyu ² , DONG Jianxia ¹ , ZHANG Ting ¹ , HE Jialin ¹ ,  HE Zhiyao ^1,3

1. Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
3. West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

HE Zhiyao, Email: heyaode@163.com

Keywords：

Disinfection technologies; physical disinfection; chemical disinfection; integrated disinfection techniques

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202409138

Video：

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This article reviews the current status and characteristics of disinfection technologies in the modern era, including physical, chemical, and integrated disinfection methods. It focuses on the latest research advances, advantages, and limitations of novel disinfection technologies, such as plasma-activated systems, photocatalytic oxidation, and synergistic chemical-physical or bio-chemical composite techniques. The study reveals that single disinfection methods often fail to meet the demands of complex environments, while integrated technologies demonstrate significant advantages in improving disinfection efficiency and environmental compatibility. However, challenges remain in terms of cost, standardization, and long-term safety. Future development of disinfection technologies should prioritize intelligent multi-technology integration, green and sustainable practices, targeted disinfection, personalized applications, and international standardization.

Citation： LI Jing, CHEN Tingyu, DONG Jianxia, ZHANG Ting, HE Jialin, HE Zhiyao. Advances, advantages, and limitations of different disinfection technologies. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(3): 481-485. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202409138 Copy

1.	Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29(57): 85742-85760.
2.	Talat A, Bashir Y, Khalil N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance transmission in the environmental settings through traditional and UV-enabled advanced wastewater treatment plants: a metagenomic insight. Environ Microbiome, 2025, 20(1): 27.
3.	孫政春, 朱金才, 朱亭亭, 等. 醫療機構場景下高能脈沖紫外線消毒設備消毒效果評價. 中華預防醫學雜志, 2024, 58(6): 857-861.
4.	Soares, BS, Mello RD, Motheo AJ. Groundwater treatment and disinfection by electrochemical advanced oxidation process: influence of the supporting electrolyte and the nature of the contaminant. Appl Res, 2024, 3(2): e202300008.
5.	Biasi A, Gionta M, Pisa F, et al. Enhancement of microbicidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants when combined with ultrasound technology. J Appl Microbiol, 2024, 135(3): lxae043.
6.	Messina G, Amodeo D, Corazza A, et al. Analysis of the physical and microbiocidal characteristics of an emerging and innovative UV disinfection technology. BMJ Innov, 2022, 8(1): 21-28.
7.	邵子軒, 魏秋華, 任哲, 等. LED 紫外消毒裝置消毒效果及其影響因素研究. 中國消毒學雜志, 2024, 41(7): 481-484.
8.	Kousha O, O’Mahoney P, Hammond R, et al. 222 nm Far-UVC from filtered Krypton-Chloride excimer lamps does not cause eye irritation when deployed in a simulated office environment. Photochem Photobiol, 2024, 100(1): 137-145.
9.	鄔悅. 醫療廢物高溫蒸汽消毒工程應用研究. 廣東化工, 2023, 50(16): 45-47.
10.	郭詩瑩, 鄭凱龍. 低溫過氧化氫等離子和脈動真空壓力蒸汽滅菌在管腔類手術器械管理中的應用. 中國醫療器械信息, 2024, 30(13): 164-166.
11.	Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey LM, et al. Performance study of a sterilization box using a combination of heat and ultraviolet light irradiation for the prevention of COVID-19. Environ Res, 2021, 198: 111309.
12.	Rowles LS, Tso D, Dolocan A, et al. Integrating navajo pottery techniques to improve silver nanoparticle-enabled ceramic water filters for disinfection. Environ Sci Technol, 2023, 57(44): 17132-17143.
13.	Sheraz M, Ly HN, Le VCT, et al. Electrospinning synthesis of CuBTC/TiO₂/PS composite nanofiber on HEPA filter with self-cleaning property for indoor air purification. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2023, 172: 621-631.
14.	陳宇, 邱迪, 王順. 水解酸化-Biodopp+高效沉淀池+臭氧-BAF+過濾消毒工藝處理化工園區廢水. 水處理技術, 2020, 46(7): 136-139.
15.	Yi JG, Bo W. Architecture design of an intelligent monitoring system for turbine filtration device. J Phys Conf Ser, 2021, 1944(1): 012040.
16.	張偉, 李明. 靜電吸附消毒技術原理及應用研究. 中國消毒學雜志, 2020, 37(5): 321-325.
17.	Xie S, Hu J, Li K, et al. Substantial and efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions based on protein and polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers by electrospinning. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 253(Pt 1): 126536.
18.	屈敏, 何皎潔, 楊異星, 等. 結構和價態調控的 Ce-MOFs 及其衍生物吸附水中氟離子的機理. 重慶大學學報, 2024, 47(6): 1-14.
19.	劉豐文, 李世奇, 于清峰, 等. 靜電噴霧技術在消毒領域的應用研究. 中國消毒學雜志, 2022, 39(2): 87-88, 91.
20.	McEvoy B, Maksimovic A, Howell D, et al. Studies on the comparative effectiveness of X-rays, gamma rays and electron beams to inactivate microorganisms at different dose rates in industrial sterilization of medical devices. Radiat Phys Chem, 2023, 208: 110915.
21.	金興華, 祝敬信, 豐俊東, 等. 電磁輻射的微生物效應與疾病. 微生物學報, 2024, 64(8): 2610-2622.
22.	Mukherjee A, Ahn YH. Natural biocide-assisted ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluent following a response surface methodology approach. Biochem Eng J, 2024, 212: 109517.
23.	呂瑞玲, 丁甜, 周建偉, 等. 超聲波及其聯合技術滅活細菌芽孢的研究進展. 食品科學, 2022, 43(1): 278-284.
24.	柴真真, 王靜, 聶珍貴. 化學消毒劑及其消毒效果評價的發展和應用. 質量安全與檢驗檢測, 2023, 33(3): 81-84.
25.	李湲湲. 二氧化氯控釋瓦楞紙箱和微膠囊的制備及其在水果保鮮中的應用. 重慶: 西南大學, 2020.
26.	陶麗歡, 劉元義, 畢玉亮, 等. 基于臭氧殺菌技術的旋耕式土壤消毒機設計與試驗. 中國農機化學報, 2024, 45(4): 244-249, 265.
27.	Laroussi M, Bekeschus S, Keidar M, et al. Low-temperature plasma for biology, hygiene, and medicine: perspective and roadmap. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci, 2021, 6(2): 127-157.
28.	Northage N, Shvalya V, Modic M, et al. Evaluation of plasma activated liquids for the elimination of mixed species biofilms within endoscopic working channels. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 28593.
29.	郭莉, 趙鵬瑜, 黃玲玲, 等. 等離子體活化水用于微生物消殺的意義和現狀. 高電壓技術, 2024, 50(7): 2955-2971.
30.	Sobhy NM, Mu?oz AQ, Youssef CRB, et al. Inactivation of three subtypes of influenza A virus by a commercial device using ultraviolet light and ozone. Avian Dis, 2024, 67(4): 305-309.
31.	Liu X, Pan Y, Yao Y, et al. Accelerated pollutant degradation by UV/H₂O₂ at the air-water interface of microdroplets. Environ Sci Technol, 2025, 59(10): 5406-5414.
32.	Guo Z, Tang X, Wang W, et al. The photo-based treatment technology simultaneously removes resistant bacteria and resistant genes from wastewater. J Environ Sci (China), 2025, 148: 243-262.
33.	鐘昱文, 王冰姝, 馮耀忠, 等. 空氣凈化消毒器消毒效果的臨床試驗研究. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2014, 24(11): 2849-2851.
34.	Ran J, Duan H, Srinivasakannan C, et al. Effective removal of organics from Bayer liquor through combined sonolysis and ozonation: kinetics and mechanism. Ultrason Sonochem, 2022, 88: 106106.
35.	李銀匯. 高頻超聲波聯合次氯酸鈉殺菌機理及應用研究. 杭州: 浙江大學, 2022.
36.	王磊, 陳曉華. 噬菌體與化學消毒劑協同殺菌效應分析. 中國消毒學雜志, 2021, 38(3): 201-205.

1. Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29(57): 85742-85760.
2. Talat A, Bashir Y, Khalil N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance transmission in the environmental settings through traditional and UV-enabled advanced wastewater treatment plants: a metagenomic insight. Environ Microbiome, 2025, 20(1): 27.
3. 孫政春, 朱金才, 朱亭亭, 等. 醫療機構場景下高能脈沖紫外線消毒設備消毒效果評價. 中華預防醫學雜志, 2024, 58(6): 857-861.
4. Soares, BS, Mello RD, Motheo AJ. Groundwater treatment and disinfection by electrochemical advanced oxidation process: influence of the supporting electrolyte and the nature of the contaminant. Appl Res, 2024, 3(2): e202300008.
5. Biasi A, Gionta M, Pisa F, et al. Enhancement of microbicidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants when combined with ultrasound technology. J Appl Microbiol, 2024, 135(3): lxae043.
6. Messina G, Amodeo D, Corazza A, et al. Analysis of the physical and microbiocidal characteristics of an emerging and innovative UV disinfection technology. BMJ Innov, 2022, 8(1): 21-28.
7. 邵子軒, 魏秋華, 任哲, 等. LED 紫外消毒裝置消毒效果及其影響因素研究. 中國消毒學雜志, 2024, 41(7): 481-484.
8. Kousha O, O’Mahoney P, Hammond R, et al. 222 nm Far-UVC from filtered Krypton-Chloride excimer lamps does not cause eye irritation when deployed in a simulated office environment. Photochem Photobiol, 2024, 100(1): 137-145.
9. 鄔悅. 醫療廢物高溫蒸汽消毒工程應用研究. 廣東化工, 2023, 50(16): 45-47.
10. 郭詩瑩, 鄭凱龍. 低溫過氧化氫等離子和脈動真空壓力蒸汽滅菌在管腔類手術器械管理中的應用. 中國醫療器械信息, 2024, 30(13): 164-166.
11. Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey LM, et al. Performance study of a sterilization box using a combination of heat and ultraviolet light irradiation for the prevention of COVID-19. Environ Res, 2021, 198: 111309.
12. Rowles LS, Tso D, Dolocan A, et al. Integrating navajo pottery techniques to improve silver nanoparticle-enabled ceramic water filters for disinfection. Environ Sci Technol, 2023, 57(44): 17132-17143.
13. Sheraz M, Ly HN, Le VCT, et al. Electrospinning synthesis of CuBTC/TiO₂/PS composite nanofiber on HEPA filter with self-cleaning property for indoor air purification. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2023, 172: 621-631.
14. 陳宇, 邱迪, 王順. 水解酸化-Biodopp+高效沉淀池+臭氧-BAF+過濾消毒工藝處理化工園區廢水. 水處理技術, 2020, 46(7): 136-139.
15. Yi JG, Bo W. Architecture design of an intelligent monitoring system for turbine filtration device. J Phys Conf Ser, 2021, 1944(1): 012040.
16. 張偉, 李明. 靜電吸附消毒技術原理及應用研究. 中國消毒學雜志, 2020, 37(5): 321-325.
17. Xie S, Hu J, Li K, et al. Substantial and efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions based on protein and polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers by electrospinning. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 253(Pt 1): 126536.
18. 屈敏, 何皎潔, 楊異星, 等. 結構和價態調控的 Ce-MOFs 及其衍生物吸附水中氟離子的機理. 重慶大學學報, 2024, 47(6): 1-14.
19. 劉豐文, 李世奇, 于清峰, 等. 靜電噴霧技術在消毒領域的應用研究. 中國消毒學雜志, 2022, 39(2): 87-88, 91.
20. McEvoy B, Maksimovic A, Howell D, et al. Studies on the comparative effectiveness of X-rays, gamma rays and electron beams to inactivate microorganisms at different dose rates in industrial sterilization of medical devices. Radiat Phys Chem, 2023, 208: 110915.
21. 金興華, 祝敬信, 豐俊東, 等. 電磁輻射的微生物效應與疾病. 微生物學報, 2024, 64(8): 2610-2622.
22. Mukherjee A, Ahn YH. Natural biocide-assisted ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluent following a response surface methodology approach. Biochem Eng J, 2024, 212: 109517.
23. 呂瑞玲, 丁甜, 周建偉, 等. 超聲波及其聯合技術滅活細菌芽孢的研究進展. 食品科學, 2022, 43(1): 278-284.
24. 柴真真, 王靜, 聶珍貴. 化學消毒劑及其消毒效果評價的發展和應用. 質量安全與檢驗檢測, 2023, 33(3): 81-84.
25. 李湲湲. 二氧化氯控釋瓦楞紙箱和微膠囊的制備及其在水果保鮮中的應用. 重慶: 西南大學, 2020.
26. 陶麗歡, 劉元義, 畢玉亮, 等. 基于臭氧殺菌技術的旋耕式土壤消毒機設計與試驗. 中國農機化學報, 2024, 45(4): 244-249, 265.
27. Laroussi M, Bekeschus S, Keidar M, et al. Low-temperature plasma for biology, hygiene, and medicine: perspective and roadmap. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci, 2021, 6(2): 127-157.
28. Northage N, Shvalya V, Modic M, et al. Evaluation of plasma activated liquids for the elimination of mixed species biofilms within endoscopic working channels. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 28593.
29. 郭莉, 趙鵬瑜, 黃玲玲, 等. 等離子體活化水用于微生物消殺的意義和現狀. 高電壓技術, 2024, 50(7): 2955-2971.
30. Sobhy NM, Mu?oz AQ, Youssef CRB, et al. Inactivation of three subtypes of influenza A virus by a commercial device using ultraviolet light and ozone. Avian Dis, 2024, 67(4): 305-309.
31. Liu X, Pan Y, Yao Y, et al. Accelerated pollutant degradation by UV/H₂O₂ at the air-water interface of microdroplets. Environ Sci Technol, 2025, 59(10): 5406-5414.
32. Guo Z, Tang X, Wang W, et al. The photo-based treatment technology simultaneously removes resistant bacteria and resistant genes from wastewater. J Environ Sci (China), 2025, 148: 243-262.
33. 鐘昱文, 王冰姝, 馮耀忠, 等. 空氣凈化消毒器消毒效果的臨床試驗研究. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2014, 24(11): 2849-2851.
34. Ran J, Duan H, Srinivasakannan C, et al. Effective removal of organics from Bayer liquor through combined sonolysis and ozonation: kinetics and mechanism. Ultrason Sonochem, 2022, 88: 106106.
35. 李銀匯. 高頻超聲波聯合次氯酸鈉殺菌機理及應用研究. 杭州: 浙江大學, 2022.
36. 王磊, 陳曉華. 噬菌體與化學消毒劑協同殺菌效應分析. 中國消毒學雜志, 2021, 38(3): 201-205.

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