Mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of common central nervous system diseases via AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZHAO Tingting ¹ , JIANG Tongtong ¹ , ZHANG Xuanning ¹ , LI Xiuqiong ¹ , LI Hongyu ² ,  TANG Qiang ²

1. Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P. R. China;
2. Department of Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

TANG Qiang, Email: tangqiang1963@163.com

Keywords：

AMP-activated protein kinase; acupuncture; central nervous system diseases; ischemic stroke; spinal cord injury; Alzheimer disease

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202406158

Video：

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This article investigates the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream signaling targets in mediating cellular processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation, offering insights into how acupuncture may treat common central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease. AMPK and its downstream effectors are pivotal in the signaling pathways that underlie the pathophysiology of CNS diseases. These pathways are implicated in a variety of cellular responses that contribute to the progression of neurological disorders. During CNS injury, AMPK can be activated through phosphorylation, triggering the regulation of downstream molecules and exerting protective effects on neuronal function. Acupuncture has been shown to promote neuroprotection and enhance recovery in CNS diseases through multiple mechanisms, one of which involves the activation of AMPK-related signaling pathways. Nevertheless, numerous unresolved challenges remain in this research field.

Citation： ZHAO Tingting, JIANG Tongtong, ZHANG Xuanning, LI Xiuqiong, LI Hongyu, TANG Qiang. Mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of common central nervous system diseases via AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(1): 119-124. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202406158 Copy

1.	秦文秀, 許軍峰, 高瑩, 等. 中藥干預腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶相關信號通路防治缺血性腦卒中的研究進展. 中藥新藥與臨床藥理, 2023, 34(8): 1156-1163.
2.	Tarasiuk O, Miceli M, Di Domizio A, et al. AMPK and diseases: state of the Art regulation by AMPK-targeting molecules. Biology (Basel), 2022, 11(7): 1041.
3.	Saito M, Saito M, Das BC. Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult and developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci, 2019, 77: 48-59.
4.	姚嘉永, 鄒偉. 針刺治療缺血性腦卒中機制的研究進展. 針刺研究, 2022, 47(4): 354-361, 368.
5.	Guo X, Ma T. Effects of acupuncture on neurological disease in clinical- and animal-based research. Front Integr Neurosci, 2019, 13: 47.
6.	Afinanisa Q, Cho MK, Seong HA. AMPK localization: a key to differential energy regulation. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(20): 10921.
7.	Chun Y, Kim J. AMPK-mTOR signaling and cellular adaptations in hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(18): 9765.
8.	Omidkhoda N, Mahdiani S, Hayes AW, et al. Natural compounds against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review on the involvement of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Phytother Res, 2023, 37(12): 5769-5786.
9.	Chen WW, Kang K, Lv J, et al. Galactose-NlGr11 inhibits AMPK phosphorylation by activating the PI3K-AKT-PKF-ATP signaling cascade via insulin receptor and Gβγ. Insect Sci, 2021, 28(3): 735-745.
10.	Akbarzadeh M, Mihanfar A, Akbarzadeh S, et al. Crosstalk between miRNA and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cancer. Life Sci, 2021, 285: 119984.
11.	Zhang F, Feng J, Zhang J, et al. Quercetin modulates AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling to inhibit inflammatory/oxidative stress responses in diabetic high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in the rat carotid artery. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(6): 280.
12.	Ibrahim WW, Kamel AS, Wahid A, et al. Dapagliflozin as an autophagic enhancer via LKB1/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in ovariectomized/D-galactose Alzheimer’s rat model. Inflammopharmacology, 2022, 30(6): 2505-2520.
13.	Xu W, Yan J, Ocak U, et al. Melanocortin 1 receptor attenuates early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage by controlling mitochondrial metabolism via AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in rats. Theranostics, 2021, 11(2): 522-539.
14.	Tang J, Chen Y, Li J, et al. 14, 15-EET alleviates neurological impairment through maintaining mitochondrial dynamics equilibrium via AMPK/SIRT1/FoxO1 signal pathways in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2023, 29(9): 2583-2596.
15.	Lu XH, Zhang J, Xiong Q. Suppressive effect erythropoietin on oxidative stress by targeting AMPK/Nox4/ROS pathway in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Transpl Immunol, 2022, 72: 101537.
16.	史麗偉, 布天杰, 史佩玉, 等. 金芪降糖片調控 AMPK/NOX4/IRS1 信號通路改善 2 型糖尿病大鼠肝臟胰島素抵抗機制研究. 環球中醫藥, 2023, 16(10): 1935-1944.
17.	Pan T, Chang Y, He M, et al. β-Hydroxyisovalerylshikonin regulates macrophage polarization via the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway and ameliorates sepsis in mice. Pharm Biol, 2022, 60(1): 729-742.
18.	Huo K, Xu J, Wei M, et al. Solasonine ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via suppressing TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and activating AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol, 2023, 124(Pt A): 110862.
19.	Waz S, Heeba GH, Hassanin SO, et al. Nephroprotective effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide donor against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity is mediated by Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Life Sci, 2021, 264: 118630.
20.	Wu WY, Cui YK, Hong YX, et al. Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy is ameliorated by acacetin via Sirt1-mediated activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signal molecules. J Cell Mol Med, 2020, 24(20): 12141-12153.
21.	Gao J, Qian T, Wang W. CTRP3 activates the AMPK/SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway to protect mitochondrial biogenesis and functions in cerebral ischemic stroke. Neurochem Res, 2020, 45(12): 3045-3058.
22.	Guo Y, Jiang H, Wang M, et al. Metformin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury aggravated by hyperglycemia via regulating AMPK/ULK1/PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact, 2023, 384: 110723.
23.	Guo K, Lu Y. Acupuncture modulates the AMPK/PGC-1 signaling pathway to facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis and neural recovery in ischemic stroke rats. Front Mol Neurosci, 2024, 17: 1388759.
24.	秦思茹, 唐慧玲, 李威, 等. 基于 AMPK 及下游靶點的黃連素防治缺血性腦卒中的研究進展. 中國現代應用藥學, 2021, 38(4): 489-494.
25.	楊晶, 楊暢, 王翠, 等. 針刺通過調節自噬反應對腦卒中大鼠的神經元損傷的影響. 中華老年心腦血管病雜志, 2023, 25(2): 188-191.
26.	胡夢藝. 從 AMPK/PGC-1ɑ/NRF-1 途徑探討巨刺法改善 MCAO 大鼠神經損傷的作用機制. 福州: 福建中醫藥大學, 2022.
27.	Anjum A, Yazid MD, Fauzi Daud M, et al. Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(20): 7533.
28.	Yuan W, He X, Morin D, et al. Autophagy induction contributes to the neuroprotective impact of intermittent fasting on the acutely injured spinal cord. J Neurotrauma, 2021, 38(3): 373-384.
29.	Hu H, Xia N, Lin J, et al. Zinc regulates glucose metabolism of the spinal cord and neurons and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through the AMPK signaling pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 4331625.
30.	Kong G, Zhou L, Serger E, et al. AMPK controls the axonal regenerative ability of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Nature metabolism, 2020, 2(9): 918-933.
31.	孫忠人, 李佳諾, 尹洪娜, 等. 針刺促進脊髓損傷后神經功能恢復及相關信號通路作用機制研究進展. 中華中醫藥雜志, 2019, 34(11): 5291-5295.
32.	王鐫, 李玥, 蔣偉, 等. 夾脊電針對脊髓損傷大鼠 AMPKα-HDAC5-HIF-1α 信號級聯的調控作用研究. 吉林中醫藥, 2022, 42(11): 1319-1324.
33.	李正飛, 張任, 趙國瑞, 等. 電針通過增強 AMPK/mTOR 通路介導的自噬治療神經源性尿潴留. 中南大學學報(醫學版), 2022, 47(4): 488-496.
34.	Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol, 2021, 20(5): 385-397.
35.	高怡江. MA-5 激活 AMPK 信號通路增強線粒體自噬治療帕金森病. 衡陽: 南華大學, 2021.
36.	張申, 陳坤, 趙丹鵬, 等. 和厚樸酚通過調節自噬對帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺能神經元的影響及機制. 中國病理生理雜志, 2022, 38(10): 1812-1819.
37.	Su J, Zhang J, Bao R, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are attenuated through activation of AMPK/GSK-3β/PP2A pathway in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol, 2021, 907: 174202.
38.	Tamtaji OR, Naderi Taheri M, Notghi F, et al. The effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture on Parkinson’s disease: current status and future perspectives for molecular mechanisms. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120(8): 12156-12166.
39.	蔡偉彬. 頭穴透刺經由線粒體自噬途徑對帕金森病模型小鼠的影響及其作用機制研究. 廣州: 廣州中醫藥大學, 2020.
40.	Geng X, Zou Y, Huang T, et al. Electroacupuncture improves neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunction through the TRPC1 and SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathways to alleviate Parkinson’s disease in mice. J Mol Neurosci, 2024, 74(1): 5.
41.	Ke C, Shan S, Tan Y, et al. Signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with acupuncture: a narrative review. Acupunct Med, 2024, 42(4): 216-230.
42.	Sun BL, Li WW, Zhu C, et al. Clinical research on Alzheimer’s disease: progress and perspectives. Neurosci Bull, 2018, 34(6): 1111-1118.
43.	Abd El-Fatah IM, Abdelrazek HMA, Ibrahim SM, et al. Dimethyl fumarate abridged tauo-/amyloidopathy in a D-Galactose/ovariectomy-induced Alzheimer’s-like disease: modulation of AMPK/SIRT-1, AKT/CREB/BDNF, AKT/GSK-3β, adiponectin/Adipo1R, and NF-κB/IL-1β/ROS trajectories. Neurochem Int, 2021, 148: 105082.
44.	陳濤, 周穎君, 王傳玲, 等. AMPK 在阿爾茨海默病中的作用機制. 廣東醫學院學報, 2015, 33(6): 621-626.
45.	王婧, 郝婷, 趙曉峰. 針灸治療阿爾茨海默病的機制研究概況. 針灸臨床雜志, 2020, 36(12): 87-91.
46.	Dong W, Yang W, Li F, et al. Electroacupuncture improves synaptic function in SAMP8 mice probably via inhibition of the AMPK/eEF2K/eEF2 signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019, 2019: 8260815.
47.	Liu W, Zhuo P, Li L, et al. Activation of brain glucose metabolism ameliorating cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by electroacupuncture. Free Radic Biol Med, 2017, 112: 174-190.
48.	Jia WW, Lin HW, Yang MG, et al. Electroacupuncture activates AMPKα1 to improve learning and memory in the APP/PS1 mouse model of early Alzheimer’s disease by regulating hippocampal mitochondrial dynamics. J Integr Med, 2024, 22(5): 588-599.
49.	Narine M, Azmi MA, Umali M, et al. The AMPK activator metformin improves recovery from demyelination by shifting oligodendrocyte bioenergetics and accelerating OPC differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci, 2023, 17: 1254303.
50.	Muraleedharan R, Dasgupta B. AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism. FEBS J, 2022, 289(8): 2247-2262.
51.	Song S, Guo R, Mehmood A, et al. Liraglutide attenuate central nervous inflammation and demyelination through AMPK and pyroptosis-related NLRP3 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2022, 28(3): 422-434.

1. 秦文秀, 許軍峰, 高瑩, 等. 中藥干預腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶相關信號通路防治缺血性腦卒中的研究進展. 中藥新藥與臨床藥理, 2023, 34(8): 1156-1163.
2. Tarasiuk O, Miceli M, Di Domizio A, et al. AMPK and diseases: state of the Art regulation by AMPK-targeting molecules. Biology (Basel), 2022, 11(7): 1041.
3. Saito M, Saito M, Das BC. Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult and developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci, 2019, 77: 48-59.
4. 姚嘉永, 鄒偉. 針刺治療缺血性腦卒中機制的研究進展. 針刺研究, 2022, 47(4): 354-361, 368.
5. Guo X, Ma T. Effects of acupuncture on neurological disease in clinical- and animal-based research. Front Integr Neurosci, 2019, 13: 47.
6. Afinanisa Q, Cho MK, Seong HA. AMPK localization: a key to differential energy regulation. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(20): 10921.
7. Chun Y, Kim J. AMPK-mTOR signaling and cellular adaptations in hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(18): 9765.
8. Omidkhoda N, Mahdiani S, Hayes AW, et al. Natural compounds against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review on the involvement of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Phytother Res, 2023, 37(12): 5769-5786.
9. Chen WW, Kang K, Lv J, et al. Galactose-NlGr11 inhibits AMPK phosphorylation by activating the PI3K-AKT-PKF-ATP signaling cascade via insulin receptor and Gβγ. Insect Sci, 2021, 28(3): 735-745.
10. Akbarzadeh M, Mihanfar A, Akbarzadeh S, et al. Crosstalk between miRNA and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cancer. Life Sci, 2021, 285: 119984.
11. Zhang F, Feng J, Zhang J, et al. Quercetin modulates AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling to inhibit inflammatory/oxidative stress responses in diabetic high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in the rat carotid artery. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(6): 280.
12. Ibrahim WW, Kamel AS, Wahid A, et al. Dapagliflozin as an autophagic enhancer via LKB1/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in ovariectomized/D-galactose Alzheimer’s rat model. Inflammopharmacology, 2022, 30(6): 2505-2520.
13. Xu W, Yan J, Ocak U, et al. Melanocortin 1 receptor attenuates early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage by controlling mitochondrial metabolism via AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in rats. Theranostics, 2021, 11(2): 522-539.
14. Tang J, Chen Y, Li J, et al. 14, 15-EET alleviates neurological impairment through maintaining mitochondrial dynamics equilibrium via AMPK/SIRT1/FoxO1 signal pathways in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2023, 29(9): 2583-2596.
15. Lu XH, Zhang J, Xiong Q. Suppressive effect erythropoietin on oxidative stress by targeting AMPK/Nox4/ROS pathway in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Transpl Immunol, 2022, 72: 101537.
16. 史麗偉, 布天杰, 史佩玉, 等. 金芪降糖片調控 AMPK/NOX4/IRS1 信號通路改善 2 型糖尿病大鼠肝臟胰島素抵抗機制研究. 環球中醫藥, 2023, 16(10): 1935-1944.
17. Pan T, Chang Y, He M, et al. β-Hydroxyisovalerylshikonin regulates macrophage polarization via the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway and ameliorates sepsis in mice. Pharm Biol, 2022, 60(1): 729-742.
18. Huo K, Xu J, Wei M, et al. Solasonine ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via suppressing TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and activating AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol, 2023, 124(Pt A): 110862.
19. Waz S, Heeba GH, Hassanin SO, et al. Nephroprotective effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide donor against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity is mediated by Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Life Sci, 2021, 264: 118630.
20. Wu WY, Cui YK, Hong YX, et al. Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy is ameliorated by acacetin via Sirt1-mediated activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signal molecules. J Cell Mol Med, 2020, 24(20): 12141-12153.
21. Gao J, Qian T, Wang W. CTRP3 activates the AMPK/SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway to protect mitochondrial biogenesis and functions in cerebral ischemic stroke. Neurochem Res, 2020, 45(12): 3045-3058.
22. Guo Y, Jiang H, Wang M, et al. Metformin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury aggravated by hyperglycemia via regulating AMPK/ULK1/PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact, 2023, 384: 110723.
23. Guo K, Lu Y. Acupuncture modulates the AMPK/PGC-1 signaling pathway to facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis and neural recovery in ischemic stroke rats. Front Mol Neurosci, 2024, 17: 1388759.
24. 秦思茹, 唐慧玲, 李威, 等. 基于 AMPK 及下游靶點的黃連素防治缺血性腦卒中的研究進展. 中國現代應用藥學, 2021, 38(4): 489-494.
25. 楊晶, 楊暢, 王翠, 等. 針刺通過調節自噬反應對腦卒中大鼠的神經元損傷的影響. 中華老年心腦血管病雜志, 2023, 25(2): 188-191.
26. 胡夢藝. 從 AMPK/PGC-1ɑ/NRF-1 途徑探討巨刺法改善 MCAO 大鼠神經損傷的作用機制. 福州: 福建中醫藥大學, 2022.
27. Anjum A, Yazid MD, Fauzi Daud M, et al. Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(20): 7533.
28. Yuan W, He X, Morin D, et al. Autophagy induction contributes to the neuroprotective impact of intermittent fasting on the acutely injured spinal cord. J Neurotrauma, 2021, 38(3): 373-384.
29. Hu H, Xia N, Lin J, et al. Zinc regulates glucose metabolism of the spinal cord and neurons and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through the AMPK signaling pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 4331625.
30. Kong G, Zhou L, Serger E, et al. AMPK controls the axonal regenerative ability of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Nature metabolism, 2020, 2(9): 918-933.
31. 孫忠人, 李佳諾, 尹洪娜, 等. 針刺促進脊髓損傷后神經功能恢復及相關信號通路作用機制研究進展. 中華中醫藥雜志, 2019, 34(11): 5291-5295.
32. 王鐫, 李玥, 蔣偉, 等. 夾脊電針對脊髓損傷大鼠 AMPKα-HDAC5-HIF-1α 信號級聯的調控作用研究. 吉林中醫藥, 2022, 42(11): 1319-1324.
33. 李正飛, 張任, 趙國瑞, 等. 電針通過增強 AMPK/mTOR 通路介導的自噬治療神經源性尿潴留. 中南大學學報(醫學版), 2022, 47(4): 488-496.
34. Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol, 2021, 20(5): 385-397.
35. 高怡江. MA-5 激活 AMPK 信號通路增強線粒體自噬治療帕金森病. 衡陽: 南華大學, 2021.
36. 張申, 陳坤, 趙丹鵬, 等. 和厚樸酚通過調節自噬對帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺能神經元的影響及機制. 中國病理生理雜志, 2022, 38(10): 1812-1819.
37. Su J, Zhang J, Bao R, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are attenuated through activation of AMPK/GSK-3β/PP2A pathway in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol, 2021, 907: 174202.
38. Tamtaji OR, Naderi Taheri M, Notghi F, et al. The effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture on Parkinson’s disease: current status and future perspectives for molecular mechanisms. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120(8): 12156-12166.
39. 蔡偉彬. 頭穴透刺經由線粒體自噬途徑對帕金森病模型小鼠的影響及其作用機制研究. 廣州: 廣州中醫藥大學, 2020.
40. Geng X, Zou Y, Huang T, et al. Electroacupuncture improves neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunction through the TRPC1 and SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathways to alleviate Parkinson’s disease in mice. J Mol Neurosci, 2024, 74(1): 5.
41. Ke C, Shan S, Tan Y, et al. Signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with acupuncture: a narrative review. Acupunct Med, 2024, 42(4): 216-230.
42. Sun BL, Li WW, Zhu C, et al. Clinical research on Alzheimer’s disease: progress and perspectives. Neurosci Bull, 2018, 34(6): 1111-1118.
43. Abd El-Fatah IM, Abdelrazek HMA, Ibrahim SM, et al. Dimethyl fumarate abridged tauo-/amyloidopathy in a D-Galactose/ovariectomy-induced Alzheimer’s-like disease: modulation of AMPK/SIRT-1, AKT/CREB/BDNF, AKT/GSK-3β, adiponectin/Adipo1R, and NF-κB/IL-1β/ROS trajectories. Neurochem Int, 2021, 148: 105082.
44. 陳濤, 周穎君, 王傳玲, 等. AMPK 在阿爾茨海默病中的作用機制. 廣東醫學院學報, 2015, 33(6): 621-626.
45. 王婧, 郝婷, 趙曉峰. 針灸治療阿爾茨海默病的機制研究概況. 針灸臨床雜志, 2020, 36(12): 87-91.
46. Dong W, Yang W, Li F, et al. Electroacupuncture improves synaptic function in SAMP8 mice probably via inhibition of the AMPK/eEF2K/eEF2 signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019, 2019: 8260815.
47. Liu W, Zhuo P, Li L, et al. Activation of brain glucose metabolism ameliorating cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by electroacupuncture. Free Radic Biol Med, 2017, 112: 174-190.
48. Jia WW, Lin HW, Yang MG, et al. Electroacupuncture activates AMPKα1 to improve learning and memory in the APP/PS1 mouse model of early Alzheimer’s disease by regulating hippocampal mitochondrial dynamics. J Integr Med, 2024, 22(5): 588-599.
49. Narine M, Azmi MA, Umali M, et al. The AMPK activator metformin improves recovery from demyelination by shifting oligodendrocyte bioenergetics and accelerating OPC differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci, 2023, 17: 1254303.
50. Muraleedharan R, Dasgupta B. AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism. FEBS J, 2022, 289(8): 2247-2262.
51. Song S, Guo R, Mehmood A, et al. Liraglutide attenuate central nervous inflammation and demyelination through AMPK and pyroptosis-related NLRP3 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2022, 28(3): 422-434.

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Mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of common central nervous system diseases via AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

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