The research progress of mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

HE Sijin ,  ZHOU Jianying , CHEN Xiaoxia , GU Lihua , CHEN Qigang

Rehabilitation Department, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

ZHOU Jianying, Email: 673183454@qq.com

Keywords：

Mirror therapy; Stroke; Rehabilitation

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201911018

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Stroke is characterized by high morbidity, mortality, disability, recurrence rate and economic burden. In addition to secondary prevention after stroke, rehabilitation is one of the most important means for the recovery of post-stroke dysfunction. Traditional rehabilitation methods have limited effect on the recovery of function for patients after stroke. Mirror therapy is a safe and feasible treatment, which is widely used as a rehabilitation method of many diseases. This paper reviews literatures on the application of mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation (limb dysfunction, unilateral neglect, swallowing disorder and complex regional pain syndrome) at home and abroad, and summarizes it’s potential mechanisms, so as to provide references to future research and application of mirror therapy.

Citation： HE Sijin, ZHOU Jianying, CHEN Xiaoxia, GU Lihua, CHEN Qigang. The research progress of mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation. West China Medical Journal, 2020, 35(6): 729-733. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201911018 Copy

1.	Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature, 1995, 377(6549): 489-490.
2.	Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L, et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet, 1999, 353(9169): 2035-2036.
3.	Hou S, Ivanhoe C, Li S. Botulinum toxin injection for spastic scapular dyskinesia after stroke: case series. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(32): e1300.
4.	Mirela Cristina L, Matei D, Ignat B, et al. Mirror therapy enhances upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Belg, 2015, 115(4): 597-603.
5.	Colomer C, NOé E, Llorens R. Mirror therapy in chronic stroke survivors with severely impaired upper limb function:a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2016, 52(3): 271-278.
6.	Kim HJ, Lee GC, Song CH. Effect of functional electrical stimulation with mirror therapy on upper extremity motor function in poststroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2014, 23(4): 655-661.
7.	楊延輝, 張潔, 董媛媛, 等. 重復經顱磁刺激聯合鏡像療法對腦卒中上肢和手康復的個案報道. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2019, 25(5): 590-592.
8.	李亞斌, 馮海霞, 王紅霞, 等. 經顱直流電刺激結合鏡像神經元康復訓練對腦卒中患者上肢功能及體感誘發電位的影響. 中國康復, 2019, 34(4): 187-190.
9.	徐寧, 王玉宇, 徐志良, 等. 補陽還五湯配合鏡像療法對氣虛血瘀證腦卒中患者上肢運動功能恢復的療效觀察. 上海中醫藥大學學報, 2017, 31(3): 30-32, 39.
10.	謝晶軍, 李金霞, 孫琦, 等. 針刺結合鏡像療法治療卒中后偏癱上肢功能障礙的療效觀察. 上海針灸雜志, 2018, 37(5): 494-498.
11.	Kerr A, Dawson J, Robertson C, et al. Sit to stand activity during stroke rehabilitation. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2017, 24(8): 562-566.
12.	Fini NA, Holland AE, Keating J, et al. How physically active are people following stroke? Systematic review and quantitative synthesis. Phys Ther, 2017, 97(7): 707-717.
13.	Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, et al. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2007, 88(5): 555-559.
14.	Arya KN, Pandian S, Kumar V. Effect of activity-based mirror therapy on lower limb motor-recovery and gait in stroke:a randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2019, 29(8): 1193-1210.
15.	Xu Q, Guo F, Salem HMA, et al. Effects of mirror therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor recovery of lower limbs and walking ability of patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil, 2017, 31(12): 1583-1591.
16.	Cha HG, Kim MK. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation integrated mirror therapy on the gait of chronic stroke patients. J Magn, 2015, 20(2): 133-137.
17.	Bartolomeo P, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Doricchi F. Left unilateral neglect as a disconnection syndrome. Cereb Cortex, 2007, 17(11): 2479-2490.
18.	Stone SP, Halligan PW, Greenwood RJ. The incidence of neglect phenomena and related disorders in patients with an acute right or left hemisphere stroke. Age Ageing, 1993, 22(1): 46-52.
19.	Pandian JD, Arora R, Kaur P, et al. Mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke (MUST trial): a randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 2014, 83(11): 1012-1017.
20.	侯紅, 吳玉霞, 王彤. 鏡像治療對腦卒中偏側忽略癥改善的療效觀察. 中國康復, 2018, 33(4): 283-285.
21.	董繼革. 鏡像療法結合運動想象對腦卒中后單側忽略癥的臨床療效觀察. 國際數字醫學會數字中醫藥分會成立大會暨首屆數字中醫藥學術交流會論文集, 珠海, 2016. 長沙: 湖南中醫藥大學期刊雜志社, 2016: 433-434.
22.	Fandler S, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, et al. Frequency and predictors of dysphagia in patients with recent small subcortical infarcts. Stroke, 2017, 48(1): 213-215.
23.	Ushioda T, Watanabe Y, Sanjo Y, et al. Visual and auditory stimuli associated with swallowing activate mirror neurons:a magnetoencephalography study. Dysphagia, 2012, 27(4): 504-513.
24.	龍耀斌, 張紅敏. 鏡像療法對急性期腦卒中吞咽障礙的效果. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2015, 21(9): 1078-1081.
25.	龍耀斌, 黎偉雄, 黃雅琳, 等. 鏡像療法結合進食訓練改善腦梗死患者的吞咽功能. 中國老年學雜志, 2019, 39(9): 2078-2081.
26.	薛赟資, 白玉龍. 腦卒中后復雜性區域性疼痛綜合征的康復. 上海醫藥, 2017, 38(1): 12-18, 24.
27.	Cacchio A, De Blasis E, De Blasis V, et al. Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2009, 23(8): 792-799.
28.	Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, et al. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Stroke, 2013, 44(1): e1-e2.
29.	王英. 鏡像療法對腦卒中后復雜性局部疼痛綜合征Ⅰ型的療效分析. 神經損傷與功能重建, 2018, 13(5): 252-254.
30.	仰唯棟, 馬妍潔. 電針聯合鏡像療法治療卒中后肩手綜合征Ⅰ期療效觀察. 上海針灸雜志, 2019, 38(5): 492-496.
31.	Ishihara Y, Kodaka K. Vision-driven kinesthetic illusion in mirror visual feedback. Iperception, 2018, 9(3): 2041669518782994.
32.	Nojima I, Mima T, Koganemaru S, et al. Human motor plasticity induced by mirror visual feedback. J Neurosci, 2012, 32(4): 1293-1300.
33.	Garry MI, Loftus A, Summers JJ. Mirror, mirror on the wall: viewing a mirror reflection of unilateral hand movements facilitates ipsilateral M1 excitability. Exp Brain Res, 2005, 163(1): 118-122.
34.	Michielsen ME, Selles RW, Geest JNVD, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phaseⅡ randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2011, 25(3): 223-233.
35.	Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, et al. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 1996, 3(2): 131-141.
36.	Mukamel R, Ekstrom AD, Kaplan J, et al. Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Curr Biol, 2010, 20(8): 750-756.
37.	Buccino G, Vogt S, Ritzl A, et al. Neural circuits underlying imitation learning of hand actions: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 2004, 42(2): 323-334.
38.	Frenkel-Toledo S, Liebermann DG, Bentin S, et al. Dysfunction of the human mirror neuron system in ideomotor apraxia: evidence from mu suppression. J Cogn Neurosci, 2016, 28(6): 775-791.
39.	Perry A, Saunders SN, Stiso J, et al. Effffects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotion understanding: EEG and behavioural evidence. Brain, 2017, 140(4): 1086-1099.
40.	Zult T, Howatson G, Kádár EE, et al. Role of the mirror-neuron system in cross- education. Sports Med, 2014, 44(2): 159-178.
41.	Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, et al. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 1999, 286(5449): 2526.
42.	Iacoboni M. Neural mechanisms of imitation. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2005, 15(6): 632-637.
43.	Garrison KA, Winstein CJ, Aziz-Zadeh L. The mirror neuron system: a neural substrate for methods in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2010, 24(5): 404-412.
44.	Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain, 2009, 132(Pt 7): 1693-1710.
45.	Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Mirror feedback assisted recovery from hemiparesis following stroke. In reply to morkisch et al.: how to perform mirror therapy after stroke? Evidence from a meta-analysis. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 2019, 37(5): 437-443.
46.	Ramachandran VS. Phantom limbs, neglect syndromes, repressed memories, and Freudian psychology. Int Rev Neurobiol, 1994, 37: 291-333.
47.	Hummel FC, Cohen LG. Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(8): 708-712.
48.	Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG. Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol, 2004, 55(3): 400-409.
49.	Perez MA, Cohen LG. Mechanisms underlying functional changes in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand. J Neurosci, 2008, 28(22): 5631-5640.
50.	Neva JL, Vesia M, Singh AM, et al. Modulation of left primary motor cortex excitability after bimanual training and intermittent theta burst stimulation to left dorsal premotor cortex. Behav Brain Res, 2014, 261: 289-296.
51.	陳洪淼, 馮嘉誠, 黃千樹, 等. 一種基于鏡像原理的神經-肌肉康復訓練器設計. 中國康復醫學雜志, 2018, 33(7): 850-851, 860.
52.	榮積峰, 丁力, 張雯, 等. 康復機器人結合鏡像療法對腦卒中偏癱患者上肢功能的效果. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2019, 25(6): 709-713.
53.	梁爽, 鄒任玲. 基于鏡像療法的上肢手功能康復游戲系統設計. 軟件導刊, 2018, 17(6): 116-119.

1. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature, 1995, 377(6549): 489-490.
2. Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L, et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet, 1999, 353(9169): 2035-2036.
3. Hou S, Ivanhoe C, Li S. Botulinum toxin injection for spastic scapular dyskinesia after stroke: case series. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(32): e1300.
4. Mirela Cristina L, Matei D, Ignat B, et al. Mirror therapy enhances upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Belg, 2015, 115(4): 597-603.
5. Colomer C, NOé E, Llorens R. Mirror therapy in chronic stroke survivors with severely impaired upper limb function:a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2016, 52(3): 271-278.
6. Kim HJ, Lee GC, Song CH. Effect of functional electrical stimulation with mirror therapy on upper extremity motor function in poststroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2014, 23(4): 655-661.
7. 楊延輝, 張潔, 董媛媛, 等. 重復經顱磁刺激聯合鏡像療法對腦卒中上肢和手康復的個案報道. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2019, 25(5): 590-592.
8. 李亞斌, 馮海霞, 王紅霞, 等. 經顱直流電刺激結合鏡像神經元康復訓練對腦卒中患者上肢功能及體感誘發電位的影響. 中國康復, 2019, 34(4): 187-190.
9. 徐寧, 王玉宇, 徐志良, 等. 補陽還五湯配合鏡像療法對氣虛血瘀證腦卒中患者上肢運動功能恢復的療效觀察. 上海中醫藥大學學報, 2017, 31(3): 30-32, 39.
10. 謝晶軍, 李金霞, 孫琦, 等. 針刺結合鏡像療法治療卒中后偏癱上肢功能障礙的療效觀察. 上海針灸雜志, 2018, 37(5): 494-498.
11. Kerr A, Dawson J, Robertson C, et al. Sit to stand activity during stroke rehabilitation. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2017, 24(8): 562-566.
12. Fini NA, Holland AE, Keating J, et al. How physically active are people following stroke? Systematic review and quantitative synthesis. Phys Ther, 2017, 97(7): 707-717.
13. Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, et al. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2007, 88(5): 555-559.
14. Arya KN, Pandian S, Kumar V. Effect of activity-based mirror therapy on lower limb motor-recovery and gait in stroke:a randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2019, 29(8): 1193-1210.
15. Xu Q, Guo F, Salem HMA, et al. Effects of mirror therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor recovery of lower limbs and walking ability of patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil, 2017, 31(12): 1583-1591.
16. Cha HG, Kim MK. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation integrated mirror therapy on the gait of chronic stroke patients. J Magn, 2015, 20(2): 133-137.
17. Bartolomeo P, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Doricchi F. Left unilateral neglect as a disconnection syndrome. Cereb Cortex, 2007, 17(11): 2479-2490.
18. Stone SP, Halligan PW, Greenwood RJ. The incidence of neglect phenomena and related disorders in patients with an acute right or left hemisphere stroke. Age Ageing, 1993, 22(1): 46-52.
19. Pandian JD, Arora R, Kaur P, et al. Mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke (MUST trial): a randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 2014, 83(11): 1012-1017.
20. 侯紅, 吳玉霞, 王彤. 鏡像治療對腦卒中偏側忽略癥改善的療效觀察. 中國康復, 2018, 33(4): 283-285.
21. 董繼革. 鏡像療法結合運動想象對腦卒中后單側忽略癥的臨床療效觀察. 國際數字醫學會數字中醫藥分會成立大會暨首屆數字中醫藥學術交流會論文集, 珠海, 2016. 長沙: 湖南中醫藥大學期刊雜志社, 2016: 433-434.
22. Fandler S, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, et al. Frequency and predictors of dysphagia in patients with recent small subcortical infarcts. Stroke, 2017, 48(1): 213-215.
23. Ushioda T, Watanabe Y, Sanjo Y, et al. Visual and auditory stimuli associated with swallowing activate mirror neurons:a magnetoencephalography study. Dysphagia, 2012, 27(4): 504-513.
24. 龍耀斌, 張紅敏. 鏡像療法對急性期腦卒中吞咽障礙的效果. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2015, 21(9): 1078-1081.
25. 龍耀斌, 黎偉雄, 黃雅琳, 等. 鏡像療法結合進食訓練改善腦梗死患者的吞咽功能. 中國老年學雜志, 2019, 39(9): 2078-2081.
26. 薛赟資, 白玉龍. 腦卒中后復雜性區域性疼痛綜合征的康復. 上海醫藥, 2017, 38(1): 12-18, 24.
27. Cacchio A, De Blasis E, De Blasis V, et al. Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2009, 23(8): 792-799.
28. Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, et al. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Stroke, 2013, 44(1): e1-e2.
29. 王英. 鏡像療法對腦卒中后復雜性局部疼痛綜合征Ⅰ型的療效分析. 神經損傷與功能重建, 2018, 13(5): 252-254.
30. 仰唯棟, 馬妍潔. 電針聯合鏡像療法治療卒中后肩手綜合征Ⅰ期療效觀察. 上海針灸雜志, 2019, 38(5): 492-496.
31. Ishihara Y, Kodaka K. Vision-driven kinesthetic illusion in mirror visual feedback. Iperception, 2018, 9(3): 2041669518782994.
32. Nojima I, Mima T, Koganemaru S, et al. Human motor plasticity induced by mirror visual feedback. J Neurosci, 2012, 32(4): 1293-1300.
33. Garry MI, Loftus A, Summers JJ. Mirror, mirror on the wall: viewing a mirror reflection of unilateral hand movements facilitates ipsilateral M1 excitability. Exp Brain Res, 2005, 163(1): 118-122.
34. Michielsen ME, Selles RW, Geest JNVD, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phaseⅡ randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2011, 25(3): 223-233.
35. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, et al. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 1996, 3(2): 131-141.
36. Mukamel R, Ekstrom AD, Kaplan J, et al. Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Curr Biol, 2010, 20(8): 750-756.
37. Buccino G, Vogt S, Ritzl A, et al. Neural circuits underlying imitation learning of hand actions: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 2004, 42(2): 323-334.
38. Frenkel-Toledo S, Liebermann DG, Bentin S, et al. Dysfunction of the human mirror neuron system in ideomotor apraxia: evidence from mu suppression. J Cogn Neurosci, 2016, 28(6): 775-791.
39. Perry A, Saunders SN, Stiso J, et al. Effffects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotion understanding: EEG and behavioural evidence. Brain, 2017, 140(4): 1086-1099.
40. Zult T, Howatson G, Kádár EE, et al. Role of the mirror-neuron system in cross- education. Sports Med, 2014, 44(2): 159-178.
41. Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, et al. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 1999, 286(5449): 2526.
42. Iacoboni M. Neural mechanisms of imitation. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2005, 15(6): 632-637.
43. Garrison KA, Winstein CJ, Aziz-Zadeh L. The mirror neuron system: a neural substrate for methods in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2010, 24(5): 404-412.
44. Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain, 2009, 132(Pt 7): 1693-1710.
45. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Mirror feedback assisted recovery from hemiparesis following stroke. In reply to morkisch et al.: how to perform mirror therapy after stroke? Evidence from a meta-analysis. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 2019, 37(5): 437-443.
46. Ramachandran VS. Phantom limbs, neglect syndromes, repressed memories, and Freudian psychology. Int Rev Neurobiol, 1994, 37: 291-333.
47. Hummel FC, Cohen LG. Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(8): 708-712.
48. Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG. Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol, 2004, 55(3): 400-409.
49. Perez MA, Cohen LG. Mechanisms underlying functional changes in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand. J Neurosci, 2008, 28(22): 5631-5640.
50. Neva JL, Vesia M, Singh AM, et al. Modulation of left primary motor cortex excitability after bimanual training and intermittent theta burst stimulation to left dorsal premotor cortex. Behav Brain Res, 2014, 261: 289-296.
51. 陳洪淼, 馮嘉誠, 黃千樹, 等. 一種基于鏡像原理的神經-肌肉康復訓練器設計. 中國康復醫學雜志, 2018, 33(7): 850-851, 860.
52. 榮積峰, 丁力, 張雯, 等. 康復機器人結合鏡像療法對腦卒中偏癱患者上肢功能的效果. 中國康復理論與實踐, 2019, 25(6): 709-713.
53. 梁爽, 鄒任玲. 基于鏡像療法的上肢手功能康復游戲系統設計. 軟件導刊, 2018, 17(6): 116-119.

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