Electroencephalogram characteristics under successful cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

LIAN Haipeng ¹ , CAO Dan ¹ ,  LI Yingjie ^1,2,3

1. Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R.China;
2. Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai 200444, P.R.China;
3. Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R.China;

Corresponding?author：

LI Yingjie, Email: liyj@i.shu.edu.cn

Keywords：

emotion regulation; cognitive reappraisal; behavioral grouping; event-related potential; late positive potential

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201909042

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Cognitive reappraisal is an important strategy for emotion regulation. Studies show that even healthy people may not be able to implement this strategy successfully, but the underlying neural mechanism behind the behavioral observation of success or failure of reappraisal is unclear. In this paper, 28 healthy college students participated in an experiment of emotional regulation with the cognitive reappraisal strategy. They were asked to complete the cognitive psychological questionnaires before the experiment. Their behavioral scores and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were collected simultaneously during the experiment. We divided all the subjects into two groups, according to the statistical test of valence scores. Then we analyzed their questionnaires, early event-related potential (ERP) components N200, P200, and late positive potential (LPP), and calculated the correlation between the valence score and the amplitude of LPP. The results showed that, in both groups, compared with negative-watching, the reappraisal induced larger N200 and P200 components and there were two modulation patterns (“increase” and “decrease”) of the reappraisal effect on the amplitude of early LPP (300?1 000 ms after stimulus onset). Moreover, correlation analysis showed that significant positive correlation between two differences in the successful group, i.e., the greater difference in the valence scoresin between reappraisal and negative-watching, the greater difference in the amplitude of early LPP between reappraisal and negative-watching; but no such effect was found in the failure group. These results indicated that, whether reappraisal was successful or not, no significant effect on early ERP components was found; and there were different patterns of the reappraisal effect on early LPP. The difference between successful and failure groups was mainly reflected in early LPP, that is, the EEG characteristics and behavioral scores of successful group were significantly positively correlated. Furthermore, the small sample analysis showed that this correlation only existed in the pattern of "increase". In the future, more research of this modulation mode is necessary in order to find more stable EEG characteristics under successful cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation.

Citation： LIAN Haipeng, CAO Dan, LI Yingjie. Electroencephalogram characteristics under successful cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2020, 37(4): 579-586. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201909042 Copy

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2.	Hermann A, Kress L, Stark R. Neural correlates of immediate and prolonged effects of cognitive reappraisal and distraction on emotional experience. Brain Imaging Behav, 2017, 11(5): 1227-1237.
3.	楊琳, 李夢婷. 接納、認知重評、表達抑制三種情緒調節策略的研究述評. 心理學進展, 2014, 4(1): 80-88.
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7.	Shiota M N, Levenson R W. Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychol Aging, 2009, 24(4): 890-900.
8.	Raz G, Winetraub Y, Jacob Y, <italic>et al</italic>. Portraying emotions at their unfolding: a multilayered approach for probing dynamics of neural networks. Neuroimage, 2012, 60(2): 1448-1461.
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14.	Schupp H T, Jungh?fer M, Weike A I, <italic>et al</italic>. Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex. Psychol Sci, 2003, 14(1): 7-13.
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16.	Hajcak G, Nieuwenhuis S. Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, 2006, 6(4): 291-297.
17.	Langeslag S J E, Surti K. The effect of arousal on regulation of negative emotions using cognitive reappraisal: an ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol, 2017, 118: 18-26.
18.	Lang P J, Bradley M M, Cuthbert B N. International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 1997, 1: 39-58.
19.	MacNamara A, Foti D, Hajcak G. Tell me about it: neural activity elicited by emotional pictures and preceding descriptions. Emotion, 2009, 9(4): 531.
20.	Zhang B W, Xu J, Chang Y, <italic>et al</italic>. Impaired cognitive reappraisal in panic disorder revealed by the late positive potential. NeuroReport, 2016, 27(2): 99-103.
21.	Foti D, Hajcak G. Deconstructing reappraisal: descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response. J Cogn Neurosci, 2008, 20(6): 977-988.
22.	Li D, Fali L, Qiang L, <italic>et al</italic>. MATLAB toolboxes for reference electrode standardization technique (REST) of Scalp EEG. Front Neurosci, 2017, 11(601): 1-8.
23.	Yao Dezhong. A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity. Physiol Meas, 2001, 22(4): 693-711.
24.	Chella F, Pizzella V, Zappasodi F, <italic>et al</italic>. Impact of the reference choice on scalp EEG connectivity estimation. J Neural Eng, 2016, 13(3): 036016.
25.	Van Cauwenberge V, Van Leeuwen K, Hoppenbrouwers K, <italic>et al</italic>. Developmental changes in neural correlates of cognitive reappraisal: An ERP study using the late positive potential. Neuropsychologia, 2017, 95: 94-100.
26.	Yuan Lin, Zhou Renlai, Hu Senqi. Cognitive reappraisal of facial expressions: Electrophysiological evidence of social anxiety. Neurosci Lett, 2014, 577: 45-50.
27.	Mcrae K, Ciesielski B, Gross J J. Unpacking cognitive reappraisal: Goals, tactics, and outcomes. Emotion, 2012, 12(2): 250-255.
28.	Folstein J R, Van Petten C. Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review. Psychophysiology, 2008, 45(1): 152-170.
29.	Omoto S, Kuroiwa Y, Otsuka S, <italic>et al</italic>. P1 and P2 components of human visual evoked potentials are modulated by depth perception of 3-dimensional images. Clin Neurophysiol, 2010, 121(3): 386-391.
30.	Moser J S, Huppert J D, Duval E, <italic>et al</italic>. Face processing biases in social anxiety: An electrophysiological study. Biol Psychol, 2008, 78(1): 93-103.
31.	Kanske P, Kotz S A. Modulation of early conflict processing: N200 responses to emotional words in a flanker task. Neuropsychologia, 2010, 48(12): 3661-3664.
32.	Schupp H T, Flaisch T, Stockburger J, <italic>et al</italic>. Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies. Prog Brain Res, 2006, 156(156): 31-51.
33.	Leutgeb V, Schwab D, Scharmüller W, <italic>et al</italic>. Is this blood? An ERP study on the visual identification of red fluids in patients with blood phobia. Brain Res, 2018, 1678: 195-202.
34.	Kalisch R. The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: Time matters. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2009, 33(8): 1215-1226.
35.	Cao Dan, Li Yingjie, Niznikiewicz M A. Neural characteristics of cognitive reappraisal success and failure: An ERP study. Brain and Behavior, 2020, 10(4): e01584.

1. Gross J J. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social Consequences. Psychophysiology, 2002, 39(3): 281-291.
2. Hermann A, Kress L, Stark R. Neural correlates of immediate and prolonged effects of cognitive reappraisal and distraction on emotional experience. Brain Imaging Behav, 2017, 11(5): 1227-1237.
3. 楊琳, 李夢婷. 接納、認知重評、表達抑制三種情緒調節策略的研究述評. 心理學進展, 2014, 4(1): 80-88.
4. Sarlo M, Ubel S, Leutgeb V, <italic>et al</italic>. Cognitive reappraisal fails when attempting to reduce the appetitive value of food: An ERP study. Biol Psychol, 2013, 94(3): 507-512.
5. Gardener E K, Carr A R, MacGregor A, <italic>et al</italic>. Sex differences and emotion regulation: an event-related potential study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10): e73475.
6. Wager T D, Davidson M L, Hughes B L, <italic>et al</italic>. Prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation. Neuron, 2008, 59(6): 1037-1050.
7. Shiota M N, Levenson R W. Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychol Aging, 2009, 24(4): 890-900.
8. Raz G, Winetraub Y, Jacob Y, <italic>et al</italic>. Portraying emotions at their unfolding: a multilayered approach for probing dynamics of neural networks. Neuroimage, 2012, 60(2): 1448-1461.
9. Coles M G H, Rugg M D. Event-related brain potentials: An introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
10. Gross J J. Emotion regulation. Handbook of Emotions, 2008, 3(3): 497-513.
11. Tiernan B N. The neural correlates of emotion regulation. Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 2012: 12644.
12. Cuthbert B N, Schupp H T, Bradley M M, <italic>et al</italic>. Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biol Psychol, 2000, 52(2): 95-111.
13. Schupp H T, Cuthbert B N, Bradley M M, <italic>et al</italic>. Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 2000, 37(2): 257-261.
14. Schupp H T, Jungh?fer M, Weike A I, <italic>et al</italic>. Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex. Psychol Sci, 2003, 14(1): 7-13.
15. Hajcak G, Moser J S, Simons R F. Attending to affect: Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. Emotion, 2006, 6(3): 517-522.
16. Hajcak G, Nieuwenhuis S. Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, 2006, 6(4): 291-297.
17. Langeslag S J E, Surti K. The effect of arousal on regulation of negative emotions using cognitive reappraisal: an ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol, 2017, 118: 18-26.
18. Lang P J, Bradley M M, Cuthbert B N. International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 1997, 1: 39-58.
19. MacNamara A, Foti D, Hajcak G. Tell me about it: neural activity elicited by emotional pictures and preceding descriptions. Emotion, 2009, 9(4): 531.
20. Zhang B W, Xu J, Chang Y, <italic>et al</italic>. Impaired cognitive reappraisal in panic disorder revealed by the late positive potential. NeuroReport, 2016, 27(2): 99-103.
21. Foti D, Hajcak G. Deconstructing reappraisal: descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response. J Cogn Neurosci, 2008, 20(6): 977-988.
22. Li D, Fali L, Qiang L, <italic>et al</italic>. MATLAB toolboxes for reference electrode standardization technique (REST) of Scalp EEG. Front Neurosci, 2017, 11(601): 1-8.
23. Yao Dezhong. A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity. Physiol Meas, 2001, 22(4): 693-711.
24. Chella F, Pizzella V, Zappasodi F, <italic>et al</italic>. Impact of the reference choice on scalp EEG connectivity estimation. J Neural Eng, 2016, 13(3): 036016.
25. Van Cauwenberge V, Van Leeuwen K, Hoppenbrouwers K, <italic>et al</italic>. Developmental changes in neural correlates of cognitive reappraisal: An ERP study using the late positive potential. Neuropsychologia, 2017, 95: 94-100.
26. Yuan Lin, Zhou Renlai, Hu Senqi. Cognitive reappraisal of facial expressions: Electrophysiological evidence of social anxiety. Neurosci Lett, 2014, 577: 45-50.
27. Mcrae K, Ciesielski B, Gross J J. Unpacking cognitive reappraisal: Goals, tactics, and outcomes. Emotion, 2012, 12(2): 250-255.
28. Folstein J R, Van Petten C. Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review. Psychophysiology, 2008, 45(1): 152-170.
29. Omoto S, Kuroiwa Y, Otsuka S, <italic>et al</italic>. P1 and P2 components of human visual evoked potentials are modulated by depth perception of 3-dimensional images. Clin Neurophysiol, 2010, 121(3): 386-391.
30. Moser J S, Huppert J D, Duval E, <italic>et al</italic>. Face processing biases in social anxiety: An electrophysiological study. Biol Psychol, 2008, 78(1): 93-103.
31. Kanske P, Kotz S A. Modulation of early conflict processing: N200 responses to emotional words in a flanker task. Neuropsychologia, 2010, 48(12): 3661-3664.
32. Schupp H T, Flaisch T, Stockburger J, <italic>et al</italic>. Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies. Prog Brain Res, 2006, 156(156): 31-51.
33. Leutgeb V, Schwab D, Scharmüller W, <italic>et al</italic>. Is this blood? An ERP study on the visual identification of red fluids in patients with blood phobia. Brain Res, 2018, 1678: 195-202.
34. Kalisch R. The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: Time matters. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2009, 33(8): 1215-1226.
35. Cao Dan, Li Yingjie, Niznikiewicz M A. Neural characteristics of cognitive reappraisal success and failure: An ERP study. Brain and Behavior, 2020, 10(4): e01584.

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Electroencephalogram characteristics under successful cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation

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