Effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on Electroencephalograph rhythm of children with autism_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

TONG Zhen ¹ , DING Meng ² , LI Xiaoli ³ , CAI Erjuan ¹ ,  KANG Jiannan ²

1. Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P.R.China;
2. Institute of Electronic Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R.China;
3. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R.China;

Corresponding?author：

KANG Jiannan, Email: kangjiannan81@163.com

Keywords：

autism spectrum disorder; relative power; coherence; electroencephalogram

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201707001

Video：

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and stereotyped behaviors. Electroencephalograph (EEG), which can measure neurological changes associated with cortical synaptic activity, has been proven to be a powerful tool for detecting neurological disorders. The main goal of this study is to explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on behavioral response and EEG. We enrolled 32 autistic children, rTMS group (n = 16) and control group (n = 16) and calculated the relative power of the δ, θ, α, β rhythms in each brain area by fast Fourier transform and Welch’s method. We also compared Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) scores of the patients before and after rTMS. The results showed a significant decrease in the relative power of the δ band on right temporal region and parietal region and also a decreased coherence on frontal region after rTMS intervention. The study proves that rTMS could have positive effects on behavior of attention, execution ability, and language ability of children and could reduce their stereotyped behavior and radical behavior.

Citation： TONG Zhen, DING Meng, LI Xiaoli, CAI Erjuan, KANG Jiannan. Effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on Electroencephalograph rhythm of children with autism. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2018, 35(3): 337-342. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201707001 Copy

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2.	Happé F. Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1999, 3(6): 216-222.
3.	Blumberg S J, Bramlett M D, Kogan M D, et al. Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S.children:2007 to 2011-2012. Natl Health Stat Report, 2013(65): 1-11.
4.	Ba?ar E. Gamma, alpha, delta, and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes. Int J Psychophysiol, 2001, 39(2/3): 241-248.
5.	Knyazev G G. EEG delta oscillations as a correlate of basic homeostatic and motivational processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2012, 36(1): 677-695.
6.	Wang Jun, Barstein J, Ethridge L E, et al. Resting state EEG abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurodev Disord, 2013, 5(1): 24.
7.	Stroganova, T A, Nygren G, Tsetlin M M, et al. Abnormal EEG lateralization in boys with autism. Clin Neurophysiol, 2007, 118(8): 1842-1854.
8.	Shou Guofa, Mosconi M W, Wang Jun, et al. Electrophysiological signatures of atypical intrinsic brain connectivity networks in autism. J Neural Eng, 2017, 14(4): 046010.
9.	Klooster D C W, de Louw A J A, Aldenkamp A P, et al. Technical aspects of neurostimulation: Focus on equipment, electric field modeling, and stimulation protocols. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2016, 65: 113-141.
10.	Baeken C, De Raedt R. Neurobiological mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the underlying neurocircuitry in unipolar depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 2011, 13(1): 139-145.
11.	Zaman R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Psychiatr Danub, 2016, 28(Suppl 1): S99.
12.	Devi G, Voss H U, Levine D, et al. Open-label, short-term, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease with functional imaging correlates and literature review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2014, 29(3): 248-255.
13.	Schulz T, Berger C, Krecklow B, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in schizophrenia with treatment-refractory auditory hallucinations and major self-mutilation. J Neural Transm, 2015, 122(1): 19-23.
14.	Pripfl J, Tomova L, Riecansky I, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue-induced nicotine craving and EEG delta power. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7(2): 226-233.
15.	Cho S S, Yoon E J, Lee J M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves probabilistic category learning. Brain Topogr, 2012, 25(4): 443-449.
16.	Fernandes F D, Miilher L P. Relations between the Autistic Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the functional communicative profile. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualiza??o Científica, 2008, 20(2): 111-116.
17.	Sokhadze E, Baruth J, Tasman A. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)affects Event-Related potential measures of novelty processing in autism. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 2010, 35(2): 147-161.
18.	Casanova M F, Hensley M K, Sokhadze E M, et al. Effects of weekly low-frequency rTMS on autonomic measures in children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2014, 8: 851.
19.	Maeda F, Keenan J P, Tormos J M, et al. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 2000, 111(5): 800-805.
20.	Ranstam J. Multiple p-values and Bonferroni correction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2016, 24(5): 763.
21.	Wang Y, Li J, Stoica P. Spectral analysis of signals: The missing data case. San Rafael: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2006: 102.
22.	Daskalakis Z J, Christensen B K, Fitzgerald P B, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a new investigational and treatment tool in psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2002, 14(4): 406-415.
23.	Helmich R C, Siebner H R, Bakker M A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve mood and motor function in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 248(1/2): 84-96.
24.	Panerai S, Tasca D, Lanuzza B, et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in performing eye-hand integration tasks: Four preliminary studies with children showing low-functioning autism. Autism, 2014, 18(6):638-650.

1. Toru T. Autism spectrum disorders. Nihon Rinsho Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2012, 80(2): 2-11.
2. Happé F. Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1999, 3(6): 216-222.
3. Blumberg S J, Bramlett M D, Kogan M D, et al. Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S.children:2007 to 2011-2012. Natl Health Stat Report, 2013(65): 1-11.
4. Ba?ar E. Gamma, alpha, delta, and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes. Int J Psychophysiol, 2001, 39(2/3): 241-248.
5. Knyazev G G. EEG delta oscillations as a correlate of basic homeostatic and motivational processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2012, 36(1): 677-695.
6. Wang Jun, Barstein J, Ethridge L E, et al. Resting state EEG abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurodev Disord, 2013, 5(1): 24.
7. Stroganova, T A, Nygren G, Tsetlin M M, et al. Abnormal EEG lateralization in boys with autism. Clin Neurophysiol, 2007, 118(8): 1842-1854.
8. Shou Guofa, Mosconi M W, Wang Jun, et al. Electrophysiological signatures of atypical intrinsic brain connectivity networks in autism. J Neural Eng, 2017, 14(4): 046010.
9. Klooster D C W, de Louw A J A, Aldenkamp A P, et al. Technical aspects of neurostimulation: Focus on equipment, electric field modeling, and stimulation protocols. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2016, 65: 113-141.
10. Baeken C, De Raedt R. Neurobiological mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the underlying neurocircuitry in unipolar depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 2011, 13(1): 139-145.
11. Zaman R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Psychiatr Danub, 2016, 28(Suppl 1): S99.
12. Devi G, Voss H U, Levine D, et al. Open-label, short-term, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease with functional imaging correlates and literature review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2014, 29(3): 248-255.
13. Schulz T, Berger C, Krecklow B, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in schizophrenia with treatment-refractory auditory hallucinations and major self-mutilation. J Neural Transm, 2015, 122(1): 19-23.
14. Pripfl J, Tomova L, Riecansky I, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue-induced nicotine craving and EEG delta power. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7(2): 226-233.
15. Cho S S, Yoon E J, Lee J M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves probabilistic category learning. Brain Topogr, 2012, 25(4): 443-449.
16. Fernandes F D, Miilher L P. Relations between the Autistic Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the functional communicative profile. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualiza??o Científica, 2008, 20(2): 111-116.
17. Sokhadze E, Baruth J, Tasman A. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)affects Event-Related potential measures of novelty processing in autism. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 2010, 35(2): 147-161.
18. Casanova M F, Hensley M K, Sokhadze E M, et al. Effects of weekly low-frequency rTMS on autonomic measures in children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2014, 8: 851.
19. Maeda F, Keenan J P, Tormos J M, et al. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 2000, 111(5): 800-805.
20. Ranstam J. Multiple p-values and Bonferroni correction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2016, 24(5): 763.
21. Wang Y, Li J, Stoica P. Spectral analysis of signals: The missing data case. San Rafael: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2006: 102.
22. Daskalakis Z J, Christensen B K, Fitzgerald P B, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a new investigational and treatment tool in psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2002, 14(4): 406-415.
23. Helmich R C, Siebner H R, Bakker M A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve mood and motor function in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 248(1/2): 84-96.
24. Panerai S, Tasca D, Lanuzza B, et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in performing eye-hand integration tasks: Four preliminary studies with children showing low-functioning autism. Autism, 2014, 18(6):638-650.

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