Early Abnormalities of Kidneys in Patients with Primary Hypertension by 3.0 T Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

YANGLing , ZHAOShuang , HUYajun , ZHOUYin , BAIJiao ,  LIURongbo

Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding?author：

LIURongbo, Email: rongbol@163.com

Keywords：

primary hypertension; functional renal magnetic resonance imaging; blood oxygen level-dependent; diffusion weighted imaging; diffusion tensor imaging

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.20140209

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This study aims to detect early changes of kidney in patients with primary hypertension by 3.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 26 patients with primary hypertension (hypertension group) and 33 healthy volunteers (control group) underwent conventional and functional magnetic resonance scans, which included blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We measured renal cortical thickness (CT), parenchymal thickness (PT), and functional values of renal cortex and medulla including R2^* value, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and fractional anisotropy (FA) value in each group, and then calculated the cortical/parenchymal thickness ratio (CPR). Compared with those in the control group, CT and CPR in hypertension group were larger (P<0.01), cortical and medullar R2^* values increased (P<0.01) whereas medullar FA values decreased (P<0.05). It could be well concluded that noninvasive 3.0 T functional MRI would have important clinical significance in identifying early abnormalities of kidney in hypertension patients.

Citation： YANGLing, ZHAOShuang, HUYajun, ZHOUYin, BAIJiao, LIURongbo. Early Abnormalities of Kidneys in Patients with Primary Hypertension by 3.0 T Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 31(5): 1111-1116,1120. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.20140209 Copy

1.	COWLEY A W Jr, MATTSON D L, LU S, et al. The renal medulla and hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 1995, 25(4 Pt 2):663-673.
2.	MICHAELY H J, HERRMANN K A, NAEL K, et al. Functional renal imaging: nonvascular renal disease[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2007, 32(1): 1-16.
3.	RIES M, JONES R A, BASSEAU F, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001, 14(1):42-49.
4.	EMAMIAN S A, NIELSEN M B, PEDERSEN J F, et al. Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1993, 160(1):83-86.
5.	GOURTSOYIANNIS N, PRASSOPOULOS P, CAVOURAS D, et al. The thickness of the renal parenchyma decreases with age: a CT study of 360 patients[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1990, 155(3): 541-544.
6.	MOUNIER-VEHIER C, LIONS C, DEVOS P, et al. Cortical thickness: an early morphological marker of atherosclerotic renal disease[J]. Kidney Int, 2002, 61(2): 591-598.
7.	王曉琰,陳克敏.原發性高血壓腎臟血流的多層螺旋CT 灌注研究[J].臨床放射學雜志,2007,26(9):891-894.
8.	GLOVICZKI M L, GLOCKNER J, GOMEZ S I, et al. Comparison of 1.5 and 3 T BOLD MR to study oxygenation of kidney cortex and medulla in human renovascular disease[J]. Invest Radiol, 2009, 44(9): 566-571.
9.	YIN W J, LIU F, LI X M, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of renal oxygenation in diabetic nephropathy by bold-MRI[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(7): 1426-1431.
10.	PRASAD P V, EPSTEIN F H. Changes in renal medullary pO₂ during water diuresis as evaluated by blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging: effects of aging and cyclooxygenase inhibition[J]. Kidney Int, 1999, 55(1): 294-298.
11.	EVANS R G, EPPEL G A, ANDERSON W P, et al. Mechanisms underlying the differential control of blood flow in the renal medulla and cortex[J]. J Hypertens, 2004, 22(8): 1439-1451.
12.	SCHACHINGER H, KLARH?FER M, LINDER L, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ decreases the renal MRI blood oxygenation level-dependent signal[J]. Hypertension, 2006, 47(6): 1062-1066.
13.	GOMEZ S I, WARNER L, HAAS J A, et al. Increased hypoxia and reduced renal tubular response to furosemide detected by BOLD magnetic resonance imaging in swine renovascular hypertension[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2009, 297(4): 981-986.
14.	LI L P, LI B S, STOREY P, et al. Effect of free radical scavenger (tempol) on intrarenal oxygenation in hypertensive rats as evaluated by BOLD MRI[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005, 21(3): 245-248.
15.	DUKACZ S A, KLINE R L. Differing effects of enalapril and losartan on renal medullary blood flow and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. J Hypertens, 1999, 17(9): 1345-1352.
16.	NAMIMOTO T, YAMASHITA Y, MITSUZAKI K, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuse renal disease by diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, 9(6): 832-837.
17.	KILI?KESMEZ O, YIRIK G, BAYRAMO?U LU S, et al. Non-breath-hold high b-value diffusion-weighted MRI with parallel imaging technique: apparent diffusion coefficient determination in normal abdominal organs[J]. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2008, 14(2): 83-87.
18.	THOENY H C, DE KEYZER F, OYEN R H, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of kidneys in healthy volunteers and patients with parenchymal diseases: initial experience[J]. Radiology, 2005, 235(3): 911-917.
19.	NOTOHAMIPRODJO M, DIETRICH O, HORGER W, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the kidney at 3 Tesla-feasibility, protocol evaluation and comparison to 1.5 Tesla[J]. Invest Radiol, 2010, 45(5): 245-254.

1. COWLEY A W Jr, MATTSON D L, LU S, et al. The renal medulla and hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 1995, 25(4 Pt 2):663-673.
2. MICHAELY H J, HERRMANN K A, NAEL K, et al. Functional renal imaging: nonvascular renal disease[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2007, 32(1): 1-16.
3. RIES M, JONES R A, BASSEAU F, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2001, 14(1):42-49.
4. EMAMIAN S A, NIELSEN M B, PEDERSEN J F, et al. Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1993, 160(1):83-86.
5. GOURTSOYIANNIS N, PRASSOPOULOS P, CAVOURAS D, et al. The thickness of the renal parenchyma decreases with age: a CT study of 360 patients[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1990, 155(3): 541-544.
6. MOUNIER-VEHIER C, LIONS C, DEVOS P, et al. Cortical thickness: an early morphological marker of atherosclerotic renal disease[J]. Kidney Int, 2002, 61(2): 591-598.
7. 王曉琰,陳克敏.原發性高血壓腎臟血流的多層螺旋CT 灌注研究[J].臨床放射學雜志,2007,26(9):891-894.
8. GLOVICZKI M L, GLOCKNER J, GOMEZ S I, et al. Comparison of 1.5 and 3 T BOLD MR to study oxygenation of kidney cortex and medulla in human renovascular disease[J]. Invest Radiol, 2009, 44(9): 566-571.
9. YIN W J, LIU F, LI X M, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of renal oxygenation in diabetic nephropathy by bold-MRI[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(7): 1426-1431.
10. PRASAD P V, EPSTEIN F H. Changes in renal medullary pO₂ during water diuresis as evaluated by blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging: effects of aging and cyclooxygenase inhibition[J]. Kidney Int, 1999, 55(1): 294-298.
11. EVANS R G, EPPEL G A, ANDERSON W P, et al. Mechanisms underlying the differential control of blood flow in the renal medulla and cortex[J]. J Hypertens, 2004, 22(8): 1439-1451.
12. SCHACHINGER H, KLARH?FER M, LINDER L, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ decreases the renal MRI blood oxygenation level-dependent signal[J]. Hypertension, 2006, 47(6): 1062-1066.
13. GOMEZ S I, WARNER L, HAAS J A, et al. Increased hypoxia and reduced renal tubular response to furosemide detected by BOLD magnetic resonance imaging in swine renovascular hypertension[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2009, 297(4): 981-986.
14. LI L P, LI B S, STOREY P, et al. Effect of free radical scavenger (tempol) on intrarenal oxygenation in hypertensive rats as evaluated by BOLD MRI[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005, 21(3): 245-248.
15. DUKACZ S A, KLINE R L. Differing effects of enalapril and losartan on renal medullary blood flow and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. J Hypertens, 1999, 17(9): 1345-1352.
16. NAMIMOTO T, YAMASHITA Y, MITSUZAKI K, et al. Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in diffuse renal disease by diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1999, 9(6): 832-837.
17. KILI?KESMEZ O, YIRIK G, BAYRAMO?U LU S, et al. Non-breath-hold high b-value diffusion-weighted MRI with parallel imaging technique: apparent diffusion coefficient determination in normal abdominal organs[J]. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2008, 14(2): 83-87.
18. THOENY H C, DE KEYZER F, OYEN R H, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of kidneys in healthy volunteers and patients with parenchymal diseases: initial experience[J]. Radiology, 2005, 235(3): 911-917.
19. NOTOHAMIPRODJO M, DIETRICH O, HORGER W, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the kidney at 3 Tesla-feasibility, protocol evaluation and comparison to 1.5 Tesla[J]. Invest Radiol, 2010, 45(5): 245-254.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Early Abnormalities of Kidneys in Patients with Primary Hypertension by 3.0 T Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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