Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition)_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association ,  Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association ,  Expert Group of Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Intervention Pathway for Retinal Vein Occlusion (2026 Supplemented Edition)

Corresponding?author：

Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Email: sawyer_young@sina.com; Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Email: dr_lixiaoxin@163.com; Expert Group of Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Intervention Pathway for Retinal Vein Occlusion (2026 Supplemented Edition), Email: drxuxun@sjtu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Retinal vein occlusion; Clinical intervention; Medical treatment; Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor; Expert consensus; Consensus update

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20260625-00275

Video：

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Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common blinding retinal vascular disease. Secondary macular edema, retinal ischemia, and neovascular complications can lead to severe visual impairment. The 2024 edition of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China systematically elaborates on the etiology, classification, and diagnostic and therapeutic workflow of RVO, emphasizes the importance of whole-course management, clarifies the application principles of laser photocoagulation, and establishes anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy as the first-line treatment. In recent years, the types of anti-VEGF drugs have continuously expanded, the administration schemes and clinical treatment experience have been continuously accumulated, and many new advancements have been made in the research on prognostic biomarkers, which have driven the drug treatment for RVO to enter a new stage of development. In view of this, it is of great clinical and practical significance to supplement the evidence and refine the strategies in the clinical intervention section of the 2024 edition of the consensus. Therefore, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with the expert group of Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition), after systematically reviewing the latest evidence-based medical data, referring to relevant international guidelines, and based on the current clinical practice situation in China, conducted in-depth discussions on six key clinical issues in the field of RVO drug therapy. They supplemented and updated the 2024 edition of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China, and ultimately formed this consensus. This consensus aims to provide retinal specialists and other practitioners in ophthalmology with more advanced and personalized medical standardized guidance for RVO, ensuring treatment safety and efficacy for patients.

Citation： Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Expert Group of Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Intervention Pathway for Retinal Vein Occlusion (2026 Supplemented Edition). Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition). Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2026, 42(8): 649-660. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20260625-00275 Copy

1.	中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病專業委員會. 中國視網膜靜脈阻塞臨床診療路徑專家共識[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.
2.	陳耀龍, 楊克虎, 王小欽, 等. 中國制訂/修訂臨床診療指南的指導原則(2022版)[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2022, 102(10): 697-703. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20211228-02911.Chen YL, Yang KH, Wang XQ, et al. Guiding principles for formulating/revising clinical practice guidelines in China (2022 Edition)[J]. Natl Med J China, 2022, 102(10): 697-703. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20211228-02911.
3.	孫鑫, 李玲, 李舍予, 等. 促進高質量臨床實踐指南快速制訂與有效使用: MAGIC體系與中國行動[J]. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2020, 20(1): 2-6. DOI: 10.7507/1672-2531.201909110.Sun X, Li L, Li SY, et al. Promoting the rapid creation and effective use of high-quality clinical practice guidelines: MAGIC system and China initiative[J]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2020, 20(1): 2-6. DOI: 10.7507/1672-2531.201909110.
4.	Chung YR, Woo TK, Park HR, et al. Efficacy of as-needed intravitreal injection compared to 3-monthly loading of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 12068[2023-07-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495760/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39303-2.
5.	Larsen M, Waldstein SM, Boscia F, et al. Individualized Ranibizumab regimen driven by stabilization criteria for central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(5): 1101-1111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.011.
6.	Miwa Y, Muraoka Y, Osaka R, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema after branch retinal vein occlusion: one initial injection versus three monthly injections[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(4): 702-709. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001224.
7.	Hamam M, Lagali N, Abdulnour E, et al. Real-life efficacy of Bevacizumab treatment for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion according to pro re nata or treat-and-extend regimen in eyes with or without epiretinal membrane[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2022, 2022: 6288582[2022-10-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36225608/. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6288582.
8.	Ciulla T, Pollack JS, Williams DF. Visual acuity outcomes and anti-VEGF therapy intensity in macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion: a real-world analysis of 15613 patient eyes[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2021, 105(12): 1696-1704. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317337.
9.	Patil NS, Dhoot AS, Nichani PAH, et al. Safety and efficacy of a treat-and-extend regimen of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for diabetic macular edema or macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2023, 54(3): 131-138. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20230221-04.
10.	Snider MJE, Bheemidi AR, Muste JC, et al. Meta-analyses of two treatment regimens for retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2023, 54(4): 244-250. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20230320-01.
11.	Guichard MM, Xavier AR, Türksever C, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography-driven treat-and-extend and pro re nata regimen in patients with macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion: 24-month evaluation and outcome predictors[J]. Ophthalmic Res, 2018, 60(1): 29-37. DOI: 10.1159/000487489.
12.	Zhong P, He M, Yu H, et al. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular events associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2020, 45(5): 615-622. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1687727.
13.	Wei W, Weisberger A, Zhu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Ranibizumab in Asian patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the randomized BLOSSOM study[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 57-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.001.
14.	Sun Z, Zhou H, Lin B, et al. An efficacy and safety trial of intravitreal injection of Conbercept ophthalmic injection in treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1723-1730. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001404.
15.	Chengdu Kanghong Biotech. Multi-center, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase III clinical study of conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with BRVO[EB/OL]. (2022-07-17) [2026-06-25]. https://adisinsight.springer.com/trials/700283735.
16.	Tadayoni R, Paris LP, Danzig CJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of Faricimab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2024, 131(8): 950-960. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.01.029.
17.	Chen KY, Chan HC, Chan CM. Effectiveness and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2025, 70(6): 1067-1089. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2025.05.008.
18.	Sangroongruangsri S, Ratanapakorn T, Wu O, et al. Comparative efficacy of Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018, 11(9): 903-916. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1507735.
19.	Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of Conbercept with Ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(21): e20222[2020-05-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481293/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020222.
20.	Nichani PAH, Popovic MM, Mihalache A, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal faricimab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2024, 247(5-6): 355-372. DOI: 10.1159/000541662.
21.	Hykin P, Prevost AT, Sivaprasad S, et al. Intravitreal Ranibizumab versus Aflibercept versus Bevacizumab for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion: the LEAVO non-inferiority three-arm RCT[J]. Health Technol Assess, 2021, 25(38): 1-196. DOI: 10.3310/hta25380.
22.	Danzig CJ, Dinah C, Ghanchi F, et al. Faricimab treat-and-extend dosing for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion: 72-week results from the BALATON and COMINO trials[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2025, 9(9): 848-859. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2025.03.005.
23.	Qian T, Zhao M, Wan Y, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of drug therapies for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(12): e022700[2018-12-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593547/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022700.
24.	Cornish EE, Zagora SL, Spooner K, et al. Management of macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2023, 51(4): 313-338. DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14225.
25.	Ming S, Xie K, Yang M, et al. Comparison of intravitreal Dexamethasone implant and anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion-induced oedema: a meta-analysis and systematic review[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(6): e032128[2020-06-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595145/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032128.
26.	Ji K, Zhang Q, Tian M, et al. Comparison of Dexamethasone intravitreal implant with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(22): e15798[2019-05-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31145307/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015798.
27.	Zhang W, Liu Y, Sang A. Efficacy and effectiveness of anti-VEGF or steroids monotherapy versus combination treatment for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 472[2022-12-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36474156/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02682-7.
28.	Yoon YH, Kim JW, Lee JY, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for early treatment and retreatment of macular edema related to branch retinal vein occlusion: the multicenter COBALT study[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2018, 240(2): 81-89. DOI: 10.1159/000487547.
29.	Namvar E, Yasemi M, Nowroozzadeh MH, et al. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors combined with corticosteroids for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2024, 39(1): 109-119. DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2249527.
30.	Cai X, Wang J, Zhao J, et al. Safety and efficacy of Ranibizumab combined with Dexamethasone intravitreal implant versus Ranibizumab monotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a 12-month prospective, randomized study[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2025, 45(1): 436-449. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-025-03794-x.
31.	Song Y, Wang Q, Du Y, et al. Prognostic biomarkers in treatment-na?ve central retinal vein occlusion with macular edema[J/OL]. Eur J Med Res, 2025, 30(1): 594[2025-07-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40624719/. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-025-02884-x.
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1. 中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病專業委員會. 中國視網膜靜脈阻塞臨床診療路徑專家共識[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.
2. 陳耀龍, 楊克虎, 王小欽, 等. 中國制訂/修訂臨床診療指南的指導原則(2022版)[J]. 中華醫學雜志, 2022, 102(10): 697-703. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20211228-02911.Chen YL, Yang KH, Wang XQ, et al. Guiding principles for formulating/revising clinical practice guidelines in China (2022 Edition)[J]. Natl Med J China, 2022, 102(10): 697-703. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20211228-02911.
3. 孫鑫, 李玲, 李舍予, 等. 促進高質量臨床實踐指南快速制訂與有效使用: MAGIC體系與中國行動[J]. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2020, 20(1): 2-6. DOI: 10.7507/1672-2531.201909110.Sun X, Li L, Li SY, et al. Promoting the rapid creation and effective use of high-quality clinical practice guidelines: MAGIC system and China initiative[J]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2020, 20(1): 2-6. DOI: 10.7507/1672-2531.201909110.
4. Chung YR, Woo TK, Park HR, et al. Efficacy of as-needed intravitreal injection compared to 3-monthly loading of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 12068[2023-07-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495760/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39303-2.
5. Larsen M, Waldstein SM, Boscia F, et al. Individualized Ranibizumab regimen driven by stabilization criteria for central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(5): 1101-1111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.011.
6. Miwa Y, Muraoka Y, Osaka R, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema after branch retinal vein occlusion: one initial injection versus three monthly injections[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(4): 702-709. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001224.
7. Hamam M, Lagali N, Abdulnour E, et al. Real-life efficacy of Bevacizumab treatment for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion according to pro re nata or treat-and-extend regimen in eyes with or without epiretinal membrane[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2022, 2022: 6288582[2022-10-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36225608/. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6288582.
8. Ciulla T, Pollack JS, Williams DF. Visual acuity outcomes and anti-VEGF therapy intensity in macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion: a real-world analysis of 15613 patient eyes[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2021, 105(12): 1696-1704. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317337.
9. Patil NS, Dhoot AS, Nichani PAH, et al. Safety and efficacy of a treat-and-extend regimen of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for diabetic macular edema or macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2023, 54(3): 131-138. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20230221-04.
10. Snider MJE, Bheemidi AR, Muste JC, et al. Meta-analyses of two treatment regimens for retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2023, 54(4): 244-250. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20230320-01.
11. Guichard MM, Xavier AR, Türksever C, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography-driven treat-and-extend and pro re nata regimen in patients with macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion: 24-month evaluation and outcome predictors[J]. Ophthalmic Res, 2018, 60(1): 29-37. DOI: 10.1159/000487489.
12. Zhong P, He M, Yu H, et al. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular events associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2020, 45(5): 615-622. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1687727.
13. Wei W, Weisberger A, Zhu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Ranibizumab in Asian patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the randomized BLOSSOM study[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 57-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.001.
14. Sun Z, Zhou H, Lin B, et al. An efficacy and safety trial of intravitreal injection of Conbercept ophthalmic injection in treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1723-1730. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001404.
15. Chengdu Kanghong Biotech. Multi-center, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase III clinical study of conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with BRVO[EB/OL]. (2022-07-17) [2026-06-25]. https://adisinsight.springer.com/trials/700283735.
16. Tadayoni R, Paris LP, Danzig CJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of Faricimab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2024, 131(8): 950-960. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.01.029.
17. Chen KY, Chan HC, Chan CM. Effectiveness and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2025, 70(6): 1067-1089. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2025.05.008.
18. Sangroongruangsri S, Ratanapakorn T, Wu O, et al. Comparative efficacy of Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018, 11(9): 903-916. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1507735.
19. Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of Conbercept with Ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(21): e20222[2020-05-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481293/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020222.
20. Nichani PAH, Popovic MM, Mihalache A, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal faricimab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2024, 247(5-6): 355-372. DOI: 10.1159/000541662.
21. Hykin P, Prevost AT, Sivaprasad S, et al. Intravitreal Ranibizumab versus Aflibercept versus Bevacizumab for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion: the LEAVO non-inferiority three-arm RCT[J]. Health Technol Assess, 2021, 25(38): 1-196. DOI: 10.3310/hta25380.
22. Danzig CJ, Dinah C, Ghanchi F, et al. Faricimab treat-and-extend dosing for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion: 72-week results from the BALATON and COMINO trials[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2025, 9(9): 848-859. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2025.03.005.
23. Qian T, Zhao M, Wan Y, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of drug therapies for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(12): e022700[2018-12-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593547/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022700.
24. Cornish EE, Zagora SL, Spooner K, et al. Management of macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2023, 51(4): 313-338. DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14225.
25. Ming S, Xie K, Yang M, et al. Comparison of intravitreal Dexamethasone implant and anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion-induced oedema: a meta-analysis and systematic review[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(6): e032128[2020-06-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595145/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032128.
26. Ji K, Zhang Q, Tian M, et al. Comparison of Dexamethasone intravitreal implant with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(22): e15798[2019-05-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31145307/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015798.
27. Zhang W, Liu Y, Sang A. Efficacy and effectiveness of anti-VEGF or steroids monotherapy versus combination treatment for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 472[2022-12-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36474156/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02682-7.
28. Yoon YH, Kim JW, Lee JY, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for early treatment and retreatment of macular edema related to branch retinal vein occlusion: the multicenter COBALT study[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2018, 240(2): 81-89. DOI: 10.1159/000487547.
29. Namvar E, Yasemi M, Nowroozzadeh MH, et al. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors combined with corticosteroids for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2024, 39(1): 109-119. DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2249527.
30. Cai X, Wang J, Zhao J, et al. Safety and efficacy of Ranibizumab combined with Dexamethasone intravitreal implant versus Ranibizumab monotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a 12-month prospective, randomized study[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2025, 45(1): 436-449. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-025-03794-x.
31. Song Y, Wang Q, Du Y, et al. Prognostic biomarkers in treatment-na?ve central retinal vein occlusion with macular edema[J/OL]. Eur J Med Res, 2025, 30(1): 594[2025-07-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40624719/. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-025-02884-x.
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